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Essay

Building agency: women vendors and gendered technology in informal markets in Assam

Pages 517-530 | Published online: 07 Dec 2022
 

ABSTRACT

Demonetisation of the Indian economy in 2016 facilitated significant changes in the lifestyle of people, particularly in adoption of digital transactions in everyday life. While there have been studies on mobile phones and the digital divide even prior to demonetisation, the growing gender disparity in the use of new technologies for secure payment via UPI (Unified Payment Interface) methods remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this paper explores the impact of new payment methods through digital means on street vendors in local markets through an ethnographic study based on narratives, unstructured interviews, and general observation. The study focuses on Assam while bringing out the larger socioeconomic context of the digital discrimination within the country. It locates how the government’s drive for digital economy post-demonetisation exacerbated the gender gap in access to technology in informal markets. The article observes how men use mobile phones and technology to sell their commodities while women vendors lag behind in ownership, usage, or access to such technology due to social norms and expectations. Subsequently, the study brings about the narratives on how women negotiate through such constraints to build their social ‘agency’ and identity in the market at both individual and collective level.

La démonétisation de l’économie indienne en 2016 a facilité des changements considérables au niveau des modes de vie des personnes, en particulier pour ce qui est de l’adoption des transactions numériques dans la vie de tous les jours. Des études avaient déjà été menées sur les téléphones portables et la fracture numérique même avant la démonétisation, mais le fossé croissant entre les genres pour ce qui est de l’utilisation de nouvelles technologies pour effectuer des paiements sécurisés au moyen de méthodes UPI (Unified Payment Interface) reste largement inexploré. Ce document examine donc l’impact des nouvelles méthodes de paiement par des moyens numériques sur les vendeurs ambulants des marchés locaux à travers une étude ethnographique basée sur des récits, des entretiens non structurés et l’observation générale. L’étude se concentre sur l’Assam, tout en faisant ressortir le contexte socio-économique plus général de la discrimination numérique au sein du pays. Elle situe la manière dont la forte motivation du gouvernement à passer à une économie numérique post-démonétisation a creusé le fossé entre les genres pour ce qui est de l’accès aux technologies dans les marchés informels. L’article observe la manière dont les hommes se servent des téléphones portables et des technologies pour vendre leurs marchandises, tandis que les vendeuses des marchés sont à la traîne pour ce qui est de la possession, l’usage ou l’accès à ces technologies en raison des normes et attentes sociétales. L’étude présente ensuite des récits sur les manières dont les femmes négocient ces contraintes afin de renforcer leur « libre-arbitre » social et leur identité dans les marchés, tant au niveau individuel que collectif.

La desmonetización de la economía india en 2016 promovió cambios significativos en el estilo de vida de las personas, especialmente en lo que tiene que ver con la adopción de las transacciones digitales para resolver cuestiones de la vida cotidiana. Aunque se han elaborado estudios sobre los teléfonos móviles y la brecha digital, incluso antes de la desmonetización, la creciente disparidad en el uso de las nuevas tecnologías para realizar el pago seguro a través de la UPI (interfaz de pago unificada) permanece en gran medida inexplorada. Este documento explora el impacto de los nuevos métodos de pago a través de medios digitales entre vendedores ambulantes de los mercados locales, al tiempo que pone de manifiesto el contexto socioeconómico más amplio de discriminación digital en el país. Para ello, parte de un estudio etnográfico centrado en Assam y basado en narraciones, entrevistas no estructuradas y observación general. Éste examina cómo el impulso del gobierno a la economía digital tras la desmonetización exacerbó la brecha de género en el acceso a la tecnología en los mercados informales. El artículo da cuenta de cómo los hombres utilizan los teléfonos móviles y la tecnología para vender sus productos, mientras que, debido a las normas y expectativas sociales existentes, las mujeres vendedoras se quedan atrás en la propiedad, el uso o el acceso a dicha tecnología. Posteriormente, el estudio aporta relatos sobre cómo las mujeres, en medio de tales limitaciones, negocian para construir su ‘agencia’ social e identidad en el mercado, tanto a nivel individual como colectivo.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all the vendors and market associations who took out time during their busy hours to narrate their stories. We would like to thank Uma Rani and Shivani Satija for taking the time and effort necessary to review our manuscript thoroughly. We sincerely appreciate all the valuable comments and suggestions, which helped us to improve the quality of the article.

Notes

1 On 8 November 2016, the exchange rate of the US dollar against Indian currency was US$1 = INR 66.246. As a result, when presenting in dollars, the closest round of values is used. The real values of INR 500 and INR 1,000 were US$7.55 and US$15.1, respectively.

2 The PAN card is a tax number used to pay taxes and the Aadhar card is a unique identification number (UID) which has been used by the Central Government Agency of India.

3 Here, ‘own people’ refers to people belonging to the same locality and community.

4 Bandhan Bank began as a micro finance institution to empower women from poor socioeconomic backgrounds. It got the universal bank licence in 2015 and has reached different corners of the country.

5 See Business Standard (Citation2019).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Pratisha Borborah

Pratisha Borborah is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology, Cotton University, Assam, India. She holds a PhD in Sociology from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, and her research areas cover economic sociology, gender, and urban studies. Postal address: Cotton University, Pan Bazaar, Guwahati, Assam, pin code- 781001. Email: [email protected]

Krishna Surjya Das

Krishna Surjya Das is an Assistant Professor at Omeo Kumar Institute of Social Change and Development, Assam, India. He holds a PhD in Population Studies (Economics) from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, and his research areas cover labour economics, economics of education, and skills and employment. Email: [email protected]

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