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ABSTRACT
Ginling College is the first women’s university founded by the British and American Christian Churches in China at the beginning of the twentieth century. Its school building is not only the earliest and largest concrete school building group in Nanjing in near modern times, but also a masterpiece of the church's implementation of the ‘Chinese native architectural style’. This ‘combination of Chinese and Western’ creative method initiated by the churches is called the ‘Renaissance of Chinese Traditional Architecture’, which has a profound impact on later generations and has important historical significance and research value. At present, the school’s historical buildings are in urgent need of conservation and refurbishment. The conservation project strives to maintain the original appearance of the building, optimize the space design, and achieve the coordinated development of culture heritage conservation and the overall campus area. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation and research on this school building heritage from the different perspectives of architectural history and regeneration. Given the significance of this historic building group in modern China, this research will fill a gap in relevant historical study, offering a typical case study of modern school buildings and their utilization in China.
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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Jessie Gregory Lutz, China and the Christian Colleges, 1850–1950 (Cornell University Press, 1971-6). ISBN: 9780801406263.
2 Fang Xue, Henry K, ‘Murphy’s Architectural Activities in Modern China’ (Master’s thesis, Tsinghua University, China, 2010), 35.
3 Editor-in-chief Zhang Kaiyuan, editor Sun Haiying, Missionary University in China, Jinling Hundred house, Ginling College (Shijiazhuang,china: Hebei Education Press, 2004–12),5–7. ISBN: 9787543454606. And the history of Nanjing Normal University, web site: http://www.njnu.edu.cn.
4 Zhang Lianhong, History of Ginling College (Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Publishing Press, 2005-10), 1-19.ISBN: 7-214-03899-4.
5 Nanjing Planning Burea, Conservation Planning for the Historic District of Nanjing Gingling College (2012-10).
6 Editor-in-chief Zhang Kaiyuan, editor Sun Haiying, Missionary University in China, Jinling Hundred house-Ginling College (Shijiazhuang, china: Hebei Education Press, 2004-12), 18–19. ISBN: 9787543454606.
7 Zhang Lianhong, History of Ginling College (Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Publishing Press, 2005-10), 28–29. ISBN: 7-214-03899-4.
8 Cody Jeffrey William, ‘Henry K. Murphy, An American Architect in China, 1914∼1935’ (PhD diss., Cornell University–America, 1989), 161–187.
9 Zhang Lianhong, History of Ginling College (Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Publishing Press, 2005-10), 29–30. ISBN: 7-214-03899-4.
10 Jeffrey W. Cody, Striking A Harmonious Chord: Foreign Missionaries and Chinese-style Buildings, 1911–1949, China Scholarship Journal, 1 (2003):11–17. http://www.cqvip.com/qikan/Detail.aspx?gch=84473X&years=2003&num=01.
11 According to the signature of the designer of the original drawing of Ginling College collected by the Yale University Library in the USA.
12 Lu Silin, ‘The research on campus plan and architecture of the Gingling College site (1917∼1945), (master’s thesis, Southeast University, China- 2018.5). 16–17.
13 Liu Xianjue, Wang Xin, Jiangsu Near- Modern Architecture (Nanjing: Jiangsu Science and Technology Press, 2008-5), 138, ISBN: 9787534557170.
14 Tang Keyang, From Abandoned Garden to Yan Garden (Beijing: Life read Xinzhi Sanlian Bookstore, 2009), 60–61. ISBN: 9787108031389.
Explanation: In 1914, Zhu Qiqian, Minister of the Republic of China, proposed to open the Forbidden City to all citizens and foreign tourists. At that time, only the outer court of the Forbidden City was opened, and the inner court was still inhabited by the Qing imperial family. So Murphy was able to visit the Forbidden City.
15 Tang Keyang, From Abandoned Garden to Yan Garden (Beijing: Life read Xinzhi Sanlian Bookstore, 2009), 60–63. ISBN: 9787108031389.
Explanation: In 1914, Zhu Qiqian, Minister of the Republic of China, proposed to open the Forbidden City to all citizens and foreign tourists. At that time, only the outer court of the Forbidden City was opened, and the inner court was still inhabited by the Qing imperial family. So Murphy was able to visit the Forbidden City.
16 Ye Bing, Zhou Qi, Chen Naidong, Technical Guide for conservation and renovation of near- modern architecture in Nanjing (Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2018-5), 159–180, ISBN: 978-7-112-21896-7.
17 Fu Chaoqing, Chinese classical style new building (Taiwan: Taipei Nantian Bookstore, 1993), 25–27, ISBN: 9789576381775.
18 Dong Li, Research on the Architecture history of Modern Chinese Missionary University (Beijing: Science Press, 2010-7), 150–151, ISBN: 9787030280619.
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Notes on contributors
Hechi Wang
Wang Hechi graduated from Southeast University School of Architecture (China) with a PhD in Engineering. She is an associate professor and postgraduate supervisor at the School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology. Director of China Hubei Provincial Historical Architecture Research Association. The main research fields include: research and protection of Chinese near-modern educational buildings, protection and renewal of historical buildings and heritage, foreign architectural history and modern architectural theories, and architectural design research. Participated in the design projects “Preservation of Ginling College Site”, “Conservation and Renovation of Nanjing West Railway Station”, “Research on Nanjing Historic Buildings”, etc. Presided over 1 National Natural Science Foundation of China's and 1 Wuhan Humanities and Social Science Foundation. Editor-in-chief of the monograph “The History of Near-Modern Educational Architecture in Nanjing”, and participated in the editing of 1 book. Published 10 academic papers.
Haojun Huang
Huang Haojun majored in Architecture at Hubei University of Technology. Email: [email protected]
Zhaoyi Yan
Yan Zhaoyi is currently a master's student at Hubei University of Technology, majoring in architecture. The main research areas include: architectural history and heritage protection research, architectural design and theoretical research. One SCI paper has been published. Email: [email protected]
Qi Zhou
Zhou Qi He is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. He received a bachelor's degree in civil engineering and a master's degree in architecture from Southeast University, and received his Ph.D. from Illinois Institute of Technology(America). His main research fields include: History of world architecture and modern architectural theory, modern Chinese architectural research and protection, architectural design research, architectural morphology research. He won the Golden A’ Design Award for the design project “New headquarter of People’s Daily in Beijing” in 2016, Milan. Other representative works include “Conservation and renovation of the former Jiangsu Consultative Bureau”, “Conservation and renovation of Nanjing branch of ICBC”, etc.