ABSTRACT
This essay examines the ways in which geographers have engaged with the concept and practice of sustainability and the lessons that we might learn from commentaries on the application of geographical ideas in the field of public policy. First, the essay highlights the need to question our academic relationship with a ‘slippery’ concept such as sustainability. Second, it examines the role of geographers in generating impact for sustainability causes and what we might expect to be our role. Third, the essay argues for a revitalized ‘scholar-activist’ approach that draws upon the vocational role of geographers in local environmental contexts.
KEYWORDS:
The emergence of sustainable development as a formally defined and institutionalized term (United Nations, Citation1992; WCED, Citation1987) represented a form of ‘re-set’ for research in applied geography, which had traditionally been concerned with human-physical dimensions of a range of individualized ecological problems, environmental pollution, uneven economic development, social inequalities and health concerns (McCormick, Citation1989). We ought not to underestimate the importance of this moment in the early late 1980s and early 1990s, where the global political initiative of Agenda 21 was launched to render environmental concerns knowable and apparently resolvable through the term sustainability (Eflin, Citation2004; Pearce, Citation1988). The result of such a high-profile initiative and its inscription in national and local government strategies through Local Agenda 21 (Selman, Citation1998), adopted by 178 governments at the 1992 Rio Conference, has led geographers to become entwined in the sustainability agenda in multiple ways and at different scales, through both their research and teaching (Fu, Citation2020; Liverman, Citation2018; Moseley, Citation2018). In the UK context, alongside these developments have come the accelerated pressures (and opportunities) associated with the rapid evolution of research impact agendas (Research Excellence Framework, Citation2021), the re-configuration of government funding initiatives to promote interdisciplinary funding on sustainability (UKRI, Citation2021) and resultant re-organizations of university research themes and institutes to respond to this shifting landscape.
In this essay, I examine three contemporary challenges for geographers working in the field of sustainability from the perspective of key commentators on applied geography and those from critical geography who have more provided salient learning on the opportunities and pitfalls of researching sustainability. I begin by tackling an issue that Ackerman (Citation1962), Robinson (Citation2004) and latterly Moseley (Citation2018) highlighted, which concerns the intellectual integrity and ethics of sustainability from a critical geography perspective. I then engage with the insights of Owens (Citation2005) on the nature of ‘influence’ and explore how impact agendas frequently demand rapid and verifiable ‘results’ that pull researchers into projects that specify outcomes (e.g. ‘helping to deliver on the Net Zero agenda for climate change’). Finally, and reflecting on these issues, I consider the possibilities of working locally (Banks & MacKian, Citation2000) through the position of the scholar-activist (Burgess, Citation2005) and what geographers have more recently demonstrated about the opportunities of collaborating with publics.
I start with the challenge of whether we ought to even be adopting the narrative and implications of sustainability in our research. This goes to the heart of how geographers make decisions about what they do, what they take responsibility for (Boyle et al., Citation2020) and how they may need to reconcile strongly held ecological values with the practical messiness of exerting influence (Pacione, Citation2004). Despite its foundational importance, this is an issue that is less often debated as a substantive point. Rather, sustainability is a ‘given’ in the lexicon of most applied geographers, featuring in many university research group names. To illustrate the point, in the inaugural article of the Geography and Sustainability journal, Fu (Citation2020, p. 1) echoes a call made some sixteen years earlier by Eflin (Citation2004) that the characteristics of geography lead naturally to an active engagement with sustainability. Moreover:
Geographers have the responsibility of promoting the discipline as the key pathway for carrying natural and social sciences towards sustainability.
These recent interventions have much in common with the seminal critique of sustainable development provided by Robinson (Citation2004, p. 376) who noted the profound challenges for geographers seeking to work with a concept that is politically implicated and employs a discrete set of values that favour forms of ecological modernization and a renewed focus on economic growth narratives:
The concern here is that sustainable development is seen as reformist, but it mostly avoids questions of power, exploitation, even redistribution. The need for more fundamental social and political change is simply ignored. Instead, critics argue, proponents of sustainable development offer an incrementalist agenda that does not challenge any existing entrenched powers or privileges.
To illustrate this point with a contemporary example, we can learn from commentators on the role of geographers working on the latest manifestation of sustainability as ecological modernization: smart systems and urbanisms (Kitchin, Citation2016). Smart cities have many facets but one that connects to geographical debates on applied geography is highlighted by Bulkeley and Castán Broto (Citation2013) who discuss urban experimentation as sites of sustainability innovation, many of which seek to engage publics in diagnosing urban metabolisms and testing new technologies. Indeed, before the rise of the smart cities concept, Cummins (Citation2003, p. 222) commented positively on the possibilities for experimental geographies as:
… a fertile hunting ground for countering claims of geography’s irrelevance in policy terms and [which could] open up areas of research that makes a difference to policy debate.
Given the philosophical debates within human geography over the past 60 years, the discipline is well positioned to engage in such reflection and to plot a path forward that draws on thinking in critical and qualitative GIS, radical statistics and mixed-method approaches.
There are two issues at stake for geographers. The first was identified by Phillips (Citation2010) who articulated the dangers associated with geographers’ interpretation of impact agendas that appear to prioritize and create false tensions between forms of pure (‘curious’) and applied (‘practical’) research. Rather, he argued for contributions that were derived from our intellectual curiosity and as such were constructively critical of what impact might mean. Yet this is a lesson that has sometimes gone unheeded as geographers working on sustainability are frequently swept along in the tide of policy-driven initiatives and the pressure from universities to gain research income and demonstrate impacts that are deemed verifiable.
This connects to a second issue that the impact agenda raises for sustainability research. Owens (Citation2005, p. 291) argued that the apparent urgency to ‘see results’ should not overshadow a broader understanding of the knowledge exchange process:
If we look for ‘direct hits’ and short-term action generation, we must not always but often conclude that our efforts bear little fruit. If, on the other hand, we acknowledge the potential for subtle effects, and pay attention to the processes through which ideas come into good currency, knowledge ‘creeps’ into policy, and what is thinkable begins to change, we see that academic endeavour, alongside other factors, can indeed ‘make a difference.
My final argument is about where we may be able to have the most rewarding influence but where the scalability and measurability is less clear. This seeks to learn the lessons provided by a group of geographers working on environmental controversies, drawing initially on Banks and MacKian’s (Citation2000) and Burgess’s (Citation2005) reflections on ‘influence’; the part we can play in local situations and where our contributions may therefore be vocational rather than instrumental as ‘scholar-activists’. In this way, we need to consider the role that academics might play through organizing, curating, motivating and synthesizing in the context of local controversies. Banks and MacKian (Citation2000) were responding to Peck’s (Citation1999) frustration at geography’s lack of apparent influence and highlighted that much of our work is about working intensively alongside publics, local authorities, charities and voluntary interest groups to develop situated knowledge and approaches to sustainability. This kind of work has to some extent been overlooked in the rush towards the ‘reach and significance’ of impact generation that funders and employers require. Yet the point is that this is where we might, as geographers working in place-based institutions, have the most effective role. Consider for a moment the work of Lane et al. (Citation2011) and Whatmore (Citation2009) in their involvement in a local flood prevention controversy in Pickering, Yorkshire. This involved an intense engagement with publics and scientists that was deliberately not about adding to extant technical knowledge or testing a model on a community; rather, it was concerned with managing, negotiating and helping others to curate understandings through:
… ways in which the creative potential of ‘knowledge controversies’ can be positively harnessed in the practice of interdisciplinary public science. (Lane et al., Citation2011, p. 16)
To conclude, this excavation of commentaries on applied geography and sustainability raises three concerns that researchers need to reflect upon. The first is that we take the politicized and institutionalized narrative of sustainability seriously through our work (Robinson, Citation2004), noting the important contributions and reservations highlighted critics of (sustainable) development discourse (Moseley, Citation2018; Watts, Citation1993). Kitchin (Citation2013) and Liverman (Citation2018) have both proposed the idea of being a critical influence on the trends from other disciplines and political influences that might unquestioningly adopt the sustainability as a form of ecological modernization. As geographers, we have a responsibility to be present but not to be silent. Second, in the milieu that surrounds grant applications, tenders, bids and impact statements, we should recall the advice of Phillips (Citation2010) and Owens (Citation2005) that it is our geographical curiosity and the insights which arise organically from our scholarship that may have the longest impact, even if this does not ‘fit’ the instrumental metric of transient impact agendas. Third, we ought not to forget the rewarding nature of being embedded as a scholar-activist in our local setting (Burgess, Citation2005; Sultana, Citation2018), where our involvement may be more vocational than instrumental – as facilitator, curator, organizer, supporter … and perhaps tea maker!
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Additional information
Notes on contributors
Stewart Barr
Stewart Barr is Professor of Geography at the University of Exeter. His research focuses on sustainable development and behavioural change. He has worked in several research fields related to these interests, including transport and mobility, energy, water and waste. Stewart teaches a range of modules in Geography and Sustainability, and was founding co-director of the University of Exeter’s MSc in Sustainable Development.
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