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Notes
Sally Eden, Department of Geography, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
See http://www.greenpeace.org/international_en/extra/?item_id=4265&language_id=en, accessed 3 July 2003.
For a detailed history, see Michael Brown & John May, The Greenpeace Story (Greenpeace, 1991), written by a journalist and the Greenpeace Editorial Director with the full cooperation of Greenpeace, from which many of the internal details of the NGO are taken in the following paragraphs. Also see John McCormick, The Global Environmental Movement (Wiley, 1995, 2nd edition); and Gerd Leipold, Greenpeace: The Phenomenon, available at http://nucnews.net/nucnews/2001nn/0109nn/010903nn.htm#700, accessed 10 June 2004.
Brown & May, The Greenpeace Story, pp. 11–14.
Ibid., p. 27.
Ibid., p. 40, although p. 65 suggests the debt was more like $140–250,000 (it is not clear if these are US or Canadian dollars).
Details and quote from ibid., pp. 40 and 49, which show contradictory and unsourced estimates of membership.
Ibid., pp. 50–1.
Ibid., pp. 65, 68.
Ibid., p. 68.
Ibid., pp. 46–9.
Margaret L. Clark, ‘The Antarctic environmental protocol: NGOs in the protection of Antarctica’, in: Thomas Princen & Matthias Finger (eds), Environmental NGOs in World Politics (Routledge, 1994), pp. 160–85.
Brown & May, The Greenpeace Story, p. 115.
Ibid., p. 125.
Ibid., p. 142.
Ibid., p. 143.
Ibid., p. 159.
Matthias Finger, ‘Environmental NGOs in the UNCED process’, in: Princen & Finger, Environmental NGOs in World Politics, pp. 186–213.
Chris Rose, ‘Beyond the Struggle for Proof: Factors Changing the Environmental Movement’, Environmental Values, Vol. 2, No. 4 (1993), pp. 289–91.
There are numerous papers, books and pamphlets about the Brent Spar case, some more biased than others. More detail can be found in Jesper Grolin, ‘Corporate Legitimacy in Risk Society: The Case of Brent Spar’, Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1998), pp. 213–22; Robert L. Heath, ‘New Communications Technologies: An Issues Management Point of View’, Public Relations Review, Vol. 24, No. 3 (1998), pp. 273–88; Grant Jordan, Shell, Greenpeace and the Brent Spar (Palgrave, 2001); and J. George Frynas, ‘Global Monitor: Royal Dutch/Shell’, New Political Economy, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2003), pp. 275–85.
Lisa Dickson & Alistair McCulloch, ‘Shell, the Brent Spar and Greenpeace: A Doomed Tryst?’, Environmental Politics, Vol. 5, No. 1 (1996), p. 122.
F.A.J. van den Bosch & C.B.M. van Riel, ‘Buffering and Bridging as Environmental Strategies of Firms’, Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1998), pp. 24–31.
Grant Jordan, ‘Indirect Causes and Effects in Policy Change: The Brent Spar Case’, Public Administration, Vol. 76, No. 4 (1998), pp. 713–40.
Dickson & McCulloch, ‘Shell, the Brent Spar and Greenpeace’.
For intelligent analysis of how this story was played in the media, see Joe Smith, ‘After the Brent Spar: business, the media and the new environmental politics’, in: Joe Smith (ed.), The Daily Globe (Earthscan, 2000), pp. 168–85.
Jordan, ‘Indirect Causes and Effects in Policy Change’.
Greenpeace UK, Annual Review 2003.
See http://www.Sellery.com/positions/gpusa, 2000, accessed 15 June 2004.
Greenpeace, Annual Report 1999.
Leipold, Greenpeace.
See http://www.Sellery.com/positions/gpusa, 2000, accessed 15 June 2004.
See http://www.greenpeace.org/international_en//faq/view‐q‐and‐a?category_id=4396&faq_id=15401, accessed 3 July 2003.
London Greenpeace is an interesting exception. It was set up in 1971, refused to be part of Greenpeace International and was most famously involved in the ‘McLibel’ case brought by McDonalds in the 1990s in the UK. See John Vidal, McLibel: Burger Culture on Trial (Pan, 1997), p. 52.
Ibid., p. 9.
Michael Bond, ‘A New Environment for Greenpeace,’ Foreign Policy, No. 127 (2001), p. 66; see also Ron Eyerman & Andrew Jamison, ‘Environmental Knowledge as an Organizational Weapon: The Case of Greenpeace’, Social Science Information, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1989), pp. 99–119.
Luiz C. Barbosa, ‘Save the Rainforest! NGOs and Grassroots Organisations in the Dialectics of Brazilian Amazonia’, International Social Science Journal, Vol. 55, No. 4 (2003), pp. 583–91.
Frynas, ‘Global Monitor: Royal Dutch/Shell’, noted that Shell, a frequent target of Greenpeace, had a turnover of US$135 billion in 2001.
See http://www.greenpeace.org/international_en//faq/view‐q‐and‐a?category_id=4396&faq_id=15401, accessed 3 July 2003; see also Joanna Knowles in Greenpeace, Annual Report 2002, p. 24.
Greenpeace, Annual Report 1999 and 2002.
So wrote the journalist, Paul Brown, in an obituary of McTaggart in The Guardian, 26 March 2001, just days after his death.
See http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/934110.stm, accessed 10 June 2004.
See http://www.ictsd.org/weekly/02–01–16/story5.htm, accessed 10 June 2004.
See http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2002Q1/melchett.html, accessed 10 June 2004.
Ibid.
Biographical details for Grove‐White can be found at http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/ieppp/ and for Tindale at http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/contentlookup.cfm?CFID=909598&CFTOKEN=55769052&ucidparam=20010309091509, both accessed 29 July 2004. Also see Stephen Tindale, ‘An apology for capitalism?’, unpublished paper given at Stockholm Network/Economist Conference, February 2004.
The classic analysis is provided by Eyerman & Jamison, ‘Environmental Knowledge as an Organizational Weapon’.
William K. Carroll & R.S. Ratner, ‘Media Strategies and Political Projects: A Comparative Study of Social Movements’, Canadian Journal of Sociology, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1999), pp. 1–34.
An empirical analysis of Greenpeace's media coverage in 1987–91 in the UK is found in Anders Hansen, ‘Greenpeace and press coverage of environmental issues’, in: Anders Hansen (ed.), The Mass Media and Environmental Issues (Leicester University Press, 1993), pp. 150–78. He suggests that Greenpeace's agenda‐setting significance varies by issue: it was minor for global warming, but major for Antarctica, because the coverage of Antarctica over time matched Greenpeace's activities.
See http://www.greenpeace.to/, accessed 10 May 2004; see also Brown & May, The Greenpeace Story, p. 166.
See http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/contentlookup.cfm?SitekeyParam=C‐B&CFID=910380&CFTOKEN =48975223&Me, accessed 10 June 2004.
See http://www.greenpeace.org.uk, accessed 10 June 2004.
Simon Zadek, The Civil Corporation (Earthscan, 2001).
Ibid.
See http://www.greenpeace.org/international_en/campaigns/
See http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/contentlookup.cfm?CFID=600146&CFTOKEN=36658134&Sitekey Param=D, http://www.greenpeace.it/new/, http://www.greenpeace.org.br, http://www.greenpeace.org/deutschland/, all accessed 10 June 2004. Thanks to David Atkinson and Sonja Boehmer‐Christiansen for translations.
The Guardian, 14 March 2003, 3 July 2001; and http://archive.greenpeace.org/pressreleases/nuclear/2001nov7.html, accessed 10 May 2004.
Greenpeace, The Greenfreeze Story (Greenpeace, no date); and http://www.eu.greenpeace.org/downloads/climate/GreenfreezeBackgrounder.pdf, accessed 29 July 2004.
Brown & May, The Greenpeace Story, p. 67.
The Guardian, 24 February 2003; John Vidal in The Guardian, 25 February 2003; and The Guardian, 28 May 2003.
See http://www.greenpeace.org/press/release?press_id=17025, accessed 10 June 2004; The Guardian, 9 July 2002; and http://www.stopesso.org/
Such as Wind Force 12: A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the World's Electricity from Wind Power by 2020 (EWEA/Greenpeace, 2004), published in five different languages for a global audience.
Greenpeace UK, Annual Review 2003; and Tindale, ‘An apology for capitalism?’
See, for example, Jim Footner of Greenpeace UK in a letter to The Guardian, 10 May 2004.
John Vidal in The Guardian, 7 May 2004.
See http://archive.greenpeace.org/pressreleases/geneng/2000sep20.html and http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/932265.stm, both accessed 10 June 2004.
See http://www.banc.org.uk/ecosarta/arts21_2/ecosart4.html, accessed 10 June 2004.
Rose, ‘Beyond the Struggle for Proof’, p. 291.
Bond, ‘A New Environment for Greenpeace’, p. 66; and http://www.greenpeace.org/india_en/campaigns/intro?campaign_id=486623, accessed 5 August 2004.
Barbosa, ‘Save the Rainforest!’
Peter Willetts, ‘Political globalization and the impact of NGOs upon transnational companies’, in: John V. Mitchell (ed.), Companies in a World of Conflict: NGOs, Sanctions and Corporate Responsibility (Royal Institute for International Affairs/Earthscan, 1998), p. 217.
Now archived at http://archive.greenpeace.org/
See ibid.