‘Alien to Modernity’: The Rationalization of Discrimination

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Notes

 1 The report of the Commission is available on the web. http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/peru/libros/cv/; INTERNET.

 2 Grandin, Greg. 2005. The Instruction of Great Catastrophe: Truth Commissions, National History, and State Formation in Argentina, Chile, and Guatemala. American Historical Review 110(1): 38 pars. 18 April 2006. Available from http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/110.1/grandin.html; INTERNET.

 3 Van Pelt, Robert Jan, and Deborah Dworkin. l996. Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

 4 Polanco, Hector Diaz. l997. Indigenous peoples in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press: 56.

 5 Degregori. Carlos Iván. l998. Movimientos étnicos, democracia y nación en Perú y Bolivia. In La construcción de la nación y representación ciudadana en México, Guatemala, Perú, Ecuador y Bolivia, edited by Claudia Dary. Guatemala: FLACSO: 161 (my translation).

 6 Mayer, Enrique. Peru in Deep Trouble. Mario Varga Llosa's Inquest in the Andes Reexamined. Cultural Anthropology 6(4):466–504, especially p. 479. In this essay the author examines in detail Vargas Llosa's version of the ‘two Perus’.

 7 Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble. Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York, Routledge: 144.

 8 Zizek, Slavoj. The Subject supposed to loot and rape. Available from http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/2361/; INTERNET.

 9 Vargas Llosa, Mario. 1990. Contra Viento y Marea, vol. 3. Barcelona: Seix Barral. This contains 10 texts on Uchuraccay under the title ‘Sangre y muerte en Uchuraccay’, including the Spanish version of the New York Times essay from which I have translated. See also the interview with Alberto Bonilla. Después del Informe: Conversación sobre Uchuraccay. Contra viento y marea 3: 150–1.

10 Theidon, Kimberley. 2003. Entre próximos. Violencia y Reconciliación en el Perú. Ideele. Revista del Instituto de Defensa Legal No. 157(September): 91–6.

11 This was a legitimate fear as army reprisals took extreme forms.

12 Vargas Llosa, Mario. l996. Death in the Andes, translated by Edith Grossman. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux: 137.

13 Vich, Victor. 2002. Lituma en los libros. El caníbal es otro. In El caníbal es el otro.Violencia y cultura en el Perú contemporáneo. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos: 56–75. See also Rowe, William. 1996. Vargas Llosa y el lugar de enunciación autoritaria. In Hacia una poética radical. Ensayos de hermenéutica cultural. Buenos Aires: Beatriz Viterbo.

14 Quoted as epigraph by Kimberly Theidon, in the English version of her essay, ‘How we learned to kill our brother’: memory, morality and reconciliation in Peru. Available from http://www.celat.ulaval.ca/histoire.memoire/histoire/cape1/theidon.htm; INTERNET.

15 Vargas Llosa, Mario. l996. La utopía arcáica. José María Arguedas y las ficciones del indigenismo. Mexico: Fondo de cultura económica: 133. For a different viewpoint see Galindo, Alberto Flores. l986. Europa y el pais de los Incas. La Utopia Andina. Lima: Instituto de Apoyo Agrario.

16 Popper, K. l952. The Open Society and its Enemies. 2nd edn. New York: Routledge, vol. 2: 246.

17 Vargas Llosa, La utopía arcáica, 187.

18 Nugent, José Guillermo. 1992. El laberinto de la choledad. Lima: Fundación de Friedrich Ebert: 73 (my translation).

19 Polanco, Hector Diaz. 1997. Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: the Quest for Self-Determination. Boulder, CO: Westview Press: 59.

20 Garcia, Maria Elena. 2005. Making Indigenous Citizens. Identity, Development and Multicultural Activism in Peru. Stanford: Stanford University Press: 54.

21 Grandin, Greg. The instruction of great catastrophe: truth commissions, national history and state formation in Argentina, Chile, and Guatemala. American Historical Review 110 (l): l8.

22 As Charles Hale warns us, ‘the core of neoliberalism's cultural project is not radical individualism, but the creation of subjects who govern themselves in accordance with the logic of globalized capitalism’. Hale, Charles. 2004. Rethinking indigenous politics in the era of the ‘Indio Permitido’. NACLA Report on the Americas 38 (2): 17.

23 Nugent, El laberinto de la choledad, 89–90.

24 ‘Raza, botas y nacionalismo’ was published in El País on l5 January 2006 and has been widely publicized. There is an English version: available from http://www.vcrisis.co; INTERNET.

25 Quoted on the web, ‘Stereotype of the Month Contest’. Available from http://www.bluecorncomics.com/stertype.htm; INTERNET.

26 García, 170–1.

27 Hale, ‘Rethinking indigenous politics’, 18–19.

28 See data given in Theidon, Kimberly. 2003. Disarming the subject: remembering war and imagining citizenship in Peru. Cultural Critique 54 (Spring): 80. de la Cadena, Marisol. 2001. Reconstructing race: racism, culture and Mestizaje in Latin America. NACLA Report on the Americas, xxxiv (6): 16–23. Also Nugent, El laberinto de la choledad, 76, comments on the terms ‘indio urbano’ and ‘cholo’.

29 Garcia, Making Indigenous Citizens, especially 96–104.

30 García, Making Indigenous Citizens, 146–8.