Reinventing inclusion: from a politics of presence to inessential coalitions

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Notes

1. M. Saward, Democracy, Cambridge, 2003; J. Dryzek, Deliberative Democracy and Beyond, Oxford, 2000.

2. S. Benhabib, The Claims of Culture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era, Princeton, 2002, p. 105.

3. Ibid., p. 134.

4. Dryzek, Deliberative Democracy, op. cit., p. 1.

5. J. Cohen, ‘Procedure and Substance in Deliberative Democracy’, in S. Benhabib (ed.), Democracy and Difference: Contesting Boundaries of the Political, Princeton, 1986, pp. 95–119; idem, ‘An Epistemic Conception of Democracy’, Ethics, Vol. 97, No. 1, 1986, pp. 26–38.

6. S. Benhabib, ‘Toward a Deliberative Model of Democratic Legitimacy’, in Benhabib (ed.), Democracy and Difference, op. cit.; idem, The Claims of Culture, op. cit., pp. 67–94.

7. D. Miller, ‘Is Deliberative Democracy Unfair to Disadvantaged Groups?’, in M Passerin d'Entreves (ed.), Democracy as Public Deliberation, Manchester, 2000, pp. 201–226.

8. J. Elster, ‘Deliberation and Constitution Making’, in J. Elster (ed), Deliberative Democracy, Cambridge, 1998, p. 8.

9. M. Cooke, ‘Five Arguments for Deliberative democracy’, in Passerin d'Entreves, op. cit., pp. 64–5.

10. Miller, op. cit., p. 204.

11. I. Young, Inclusion and Democracy, Oxford, 2000, pp. 230–1.

12. Miller, op. cit., p. 204.

13. L. Simpson, ‘Communication and the Politics of Difference: Reading Iris Young’, Constellations, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2000, pp. 430–42.

14. L. Sanders, ‘Against Deliberation’, Political Theory, Vol. 25, No. 3, 1997, p. 349.

15. M. Williams, ‘The Uneasy Alliance of Group Representation and Deliberative Democracy in Citizenship in Diverse Societies’, in W. Kymlicka and W. Norman (eds), Citizenship in Diverse Societies, Oxford, 2000, p. 131.

16. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship, Oxford University Press, 1996; J. Lovenduski and P. Norris, “Westminster women: the politics of presence”, Political studies Vol. 51/1: 84–102, 1996; J. Mansbridge, “Should Blacks represent Blacks and Women represent Women? A Contingent “yes””, The Journal of Political, Vol. 6/3: 628–657, 1999; A. Phillips, Engendering Democracy, Cambridge, 1991; idem, The Politics of Presence, Oxford, 1995; M. Williams, ‘The Uneasy Alliance of Group Representation’, in Voice, Trust and Memory: Marginalised Groups and Failure of Liberal Representation, Princeton, 1998.

17. I. Young, Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy and Policy, Princeton, 1997, p. 349.

18. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton, 1990, p. 83.

19. Ibid., p. 173.

20. Ibid., p. 184.

21. A. Phillips, Democracy and Difference, Oxford: Polity Press, 1993, p. 93.

22. Young, Inclusion and Democracy, op. cit., p. 6.

23. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, op. cit., p. 5.

24. Internal obstacles.

25. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, op. cit., p. 91.

26. J. Bohman (ed.), Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, Cambridge, MA, 1997, p. 333.

27. J. Dryzek, ‘Political Inclusion and the Dynamics of Democratization’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 90, No. 1, 1996, p. 475.

28. Phillips, The Politics of Presence, op. cit.

29. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, op. cit., p. 43.

30. I. Young, ‘Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship’, Ethics, Vol. 99, No. 11, 1989, p. 259.

31. Ibid., pp. 259, 260.

32. Young, Intersecting Voices, op. cit., p. 390.

33. M. Williams, Voice, Trust and Memory: marginalised groups failure of liberal representation, Princeton: Princeton University, p. 6.

34. A. Baumeister, Liberalism and the Politics of Difference, Edinburgh, 2000.

35. K. Nash, ‘Beyond Liberalism? Feminist Theory of Democracy’, in V. Randall and G. Waylen (eds), Gender, Politics and the State, London: Macmillan Press LTD, 1998, pp. 45–57.

36. A. Melucci, ‘Social Movements and the Democratisation of Everyday Life’, in J. Keane (ed), Civil Society and the State, New York, 1988, p. 256.

37. M. Lloyd, Beyond Identity Politics: Feminism, Power and Politics, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2005, p. 68.

38. K. McClure, ‘On the Subject of Rights: Pluralism, Plurality and Political Identity’, in C. Mouffe (ed.), Dimensions of Radical Democracy, New York, 1992, pp. 108–125.

39. J. Squires, ‘Deliberation and Decision-making: Discontinuity in the Two-track Model’, in Passerin d'Entreves, op. cit., p. 134.

40. Young, Inclusion and Democracy, op. cit., p. 173.

41. Ibid., p. 174.

42. Ibid.

43. Ibid., p. 176.

44. Ibid., 176.

45. Lloyd, op. cit.

46. Melucci, op. cit., p. 247.

47. R. Lister, ‘Citizenship. Toward a Feminist Synthesis’, Feminist Review, Vol. 56, 1997, p. 39.

48. Ibid.

49. A. Yeatman, Postmodern Revisionings of the Political, London and New York, 1994.

50. N. Yuval-Davis, ‘Beyond Differences: Women, Empowerment and Coalition Politics’, in N. Charles and H. Hintjens (eds), Gender, Ethnicity, and Political Ideologies, London and New York, 1998, p. 180.

51. N. Yuval-Davis, op. cit., p. 184.

52. Lloyd, op. cit., p. 27.

53. R. E. Goodin, Reflective Democracy, Oxford, 2003, p. 92.