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Articles

Six perspectives in search of an ethical solution: utilising a moral imperative with a multiple ethics paradigm to guide research-based theatre/applied theatre

Pages 64-75 | Published online: 25 Feb 2014
 

Abstract

Throughout the International Drama in Education Research Institute (IDIERI) 2012 conference, practitioners in keynotes, presentations and workshops mentioned ethical dilemmas that arose in their work; wondering at times if they did the ‘right’ thing. By addressing a moral imperative, practitioners can start to identify common ethical dilemmas and questions within applied theatre generally and research-based theatre specifically. Applied theatre, in which theatre is used for extra-theatrical purposes, and research-based theatre, which is a hybrid of theatre and research practices, transcend traditional boundaries of one discipline. A moral imperative which is not prescriptive, but serves to frame issues and situations from different perspectives can highlight the borders of one perspective and how it may create tensions within other ethical stances. By identifying these different frames of references, practices can be interpreted and translated throughout social, psychological, political and/or cultural settings. In 2010/2011, seeking a moral imperative to guide my work in research-based theatre, I surveyed six applied theatre practitioners deemed leaders in the field, namely Johnny Saldana, Jim Mienczakowski, Kathleen Gallagher, Tim Prentki, Anthony Jackson and James Thompson. In this article, I address the moral imperative each suggested and link it to an ethical perspective identified in a multiple ethics paradigm model. Shapiro and Gross highlight four ethics: justice (dealing with laws, rights and policies), critique (challenging the status quo, and questioning oppression and social inequities), care (focusing on supportive and nurturing relationships) and profession (setting a high moral standard and code for a specific vocation). In addition, Branson adds a fifth ethic to Shapiro and Gross's model: moral integrity (challenging ethical leaders to consciously analyse, judge and determine why they choose a particular ethic and course of action). I then put forward a synergised moral imperative which may help theatre-based researchers in particular, and applied theatre practitioners in general, to think about ethical issues in a comprehensive manner to support their own ethical practice and further discussions towards new ethical paradigms in the field.

Abstracto

Durante la conferencia IDIERI en Julio de 2012, los profesionales en discursos, presentaciones y talleres mencionaron dilemas éticos que surgieron en sus trabajos; a veces preguntándose si hacían ‘lo correcto’. Al abordar un imperativo moral, los profesionales pueden empezar a identificar dilemas éticos y preguntas comunes generalmente dentro del teatro aplicado y específicamente en el teatro basado en la investigación. El teatro aplicado, en el cual el teatro es usado para propósitos extra-teatrales tales como educación, construcción de la comunidad y cambio social (Neelands y Dobson 2008, 185), y el teatro basado en la investigación, que es un híbrido del teatro y de las prácticas de investigación, trascienden las fronteras tradicionales de una disciplina. Un imperativo moral que no es prescriptivo, pero que sirva para enmarcar los problemas y las situaciones desde perspectivas diferentes puede recalcar los límites de una perspectiva y cómo estos pueden crear tensiones dentro de otras posturas éticas. Al identificar estos diferentes marcos de referencias, las prácticas pueden ser interpretadas y traducidas a través de contextos sociales, psicológicos, políticos y/o culturales. En 2010/2011, sondeé a seis profesionales de teatro aplicado considerados líderes en su campo en busca de un imperativo moral que guiara mi trabajo en el teatro basado en la investigación. Concretamente, a Johnny Saldana, Jim Mienczakowski, Kathleen Gallagher, Tim Prentki, Anthony Jackson y James Thompson. En este artículo, abordo el imperativo moral que cada uno sugirió y lo uno a una perspectiva ética identificada en un modelo de paradigma de éticas múltiples (Shapiro y Gross 2008; Branson 2010). Shapiro y Gross (2008) subrayan cuatro éticas: justicia (que trata con leyes, derechos y políticas), crítica (que desafía el status quo y cuestiona la opresión y las injusticias sociales), asistencia (que se centra en el apoyo y promueve las relaciones) y profesión (que establece un alto nivel moral y un código para una vocación específica). Además, Branson (2010) añade una quinta ética al modelo de Shapiro y Gross: integridad moral (que desafía a los líderes éticos a analizar, juzgar y determinar conscientemente porqué escogen una ética y un curso de acción en particular). Luego propongo un imperativo moral en concordancia que puede ayudar a los investigadores basados en el teatro en especial, y a los profesionales del teatro aplicado en general, a pensar sobre problemas éticos de una manera comprensiva para favorecer su propia práctica ética y nuevos debates hacia nuevos paradigmas éticos en el campo.

摘要

在2012年 7月 IDIER研討會期間,論壇主題報告,專案陳述以及工作坊的參與者們都提及他們的研究涉及到倫理兩難,時常他們會思考自己是否在做“正確”的事情。通過對道德規範的思考,絕大部分參與者們開始在應用戲劇領域內認識到普遍的倫理兩難及其相關問題,且在以劇場為基礎的研究中尤為普遍。在應用戲劇中,戲劇有傳統劇場表演以外的用途,比如教育,社群建立與社會變革 (Neelands & Dobson 2008, 185),而以研究為基礎的戲劇,作為戲劇與研究實踐的兩者結合,超越了單一學科的傳統界限。強調道德規範並非是為了制定律令,而是為了統籌各種規範內出現的問題和情況,它在各種觀點之間劃清了界限,並且讓我們看到一種倫理視角是如何挑戰另一種立場的。通過梳理這些不同的參考架構,這些實踐可以在社會學、心理學、政治以及 /或者文化的背景下進行闡釋和轉換。在 2010-2011年期間,筆者曾試圖在以研究為基礎的劇場工作中納入道德規範的考量,筆者全面分析了六個應用戲劇屆公認的領軍人物,他們是 Johnny Saldana, Jim Mienczakowski, Kathleen Gallagher, Tim Prentki, Anthony Jackson 和James Thompson。在本文中,筆者發現他們各自所提出的道德規範,並聯繫到倫理範疇,將其整合為一個多重倫理的典型案例 (Shapiro & Gross 2008; Branson 2010)。這幾種道德分別為:公正(與道德、權利與政策相關),批判(挑戰現狀,質疑壓迫與社會不平等),關愛(關注相互扶持、良好發展的關係)與專業(對某些特殊行業提高道德標準)。另外, Branson (2010)在 Shapiro 與Gross的基礎上,增加了第五項道德:道德誠信(質疑道德倫理領袖,有意識地分析、判斷為什麼他們選擇某些倫理道德並付諸行動)。筆者進而提出了一項統和的道德規範,期待它能夠説明以戲劇為基礎的研究執行者以及應用戲劇的實踐者就倫理道德問題進行全方位的思考,從而幫助他們在這個領域中的倫理道德實踐以及對新的倫理道德示例進行更深入的分析。

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Jim Mienczakowski, James Thompson, Johnny Saldana, Kathleen Gallagher, Anthony Jackson and Tim Prentki for their participation in the moral imperative/multiple ethics paradigm research survey and their willingness to share their wisdom and expertise.

Notes on contributor

Kathy Bishop is an interdisciplinary Ph.D. candidate, in Applied Theatre and Educational Leadership Studies, at the University of Victoria, Canada. Her dissertation research considers a transformative methodology for research-based theatre, utilising playbuilding as qualitative research, and the pedagogy of developing theatre-based artists/researchers/educators. As an applied theatre practitioner, she devises, facilitates and performs theatre for social change, education and community building.

Notes

1. The moral imperatives quoted and all subsequent references unless otherwise noted refer to these email surveys completed by Mienczakowski, Thompson, Saldaña, Gallagher, Jackson and Prentki in 2010/2011.

2. For more information on these plays see Mienczakowski (Citation1997, 159–172).

3. Initially when I surveyed Johnny, he answered my questions with drafts of his upcoming book: Ethnotheatre: Research from page to stage. By the time I finished this article, his book was published. I reviewed it and cited the information so that readers could investigate his work beyond my survey.

4. For further discussion, see Saldaña (Citation2011, 43).

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