From ‘cultivators of the soil’ to ‘citizen-soldiers’: physically active education and the nation at Maryland Agricultural College

ABSTRACT

In 1866, military drill and instruction became part of the curriculum of Maryland Agricultural College as a result of the passage of the Morrill Act of 1862, a law setting the terms for the establishment of agricultural colleges across the USA. The introduction of military instruction meant a direct inclusion of physically active coursework that preceded the widespread emergence of organized physical education courses in American educational institutions. However, this was not the first time physical activity was used and discussed at the college: previously, the uses of physical activity at the college wholly entailed outdoor agricultural practice in which students applied pedagogical training about agricultural techniques in the field. In this paper, we examine early Maryland Agricultural College printed discourse from 1859 to 1886, studying how the college shifted focus from idealizing the Republican male citizen as a physically active farmer or ‘cultivator of the soil’ in the years preceding the American Civil War to a physically active ‘citizen-soldier’ in response to the social and political effects of the conflict. Our analysis sheds light on the historical place of such physical activity coursework within the larger historical narrative of American physical education's emergence, and also provides useful historical context for critically viewing linkages between physical culture, nationalism, agricultural education and the military in contemporary physical education.

KEYWORDS:

• Physical education
• nationalism
• military
• agricultural education
• pedagogy
• republicanism

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank archivist Anne Turkos and those at the Special Collections and University Archives at the University of Maryland for their help with finding primary sources for this essay. Special thanks also goes to Janet Youngholm, whose master's research on the American Civil War inspired the writing of this essay.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1 All of the consulted Maryland Agricultural College course catalogs have been digitized by the University of Maryland's Special Collections and University Archives.

2 Congress, House of Representatives, Representative Morrill of Vermont speaking for Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges, 37th Cong., 2nd sess., Congressional Globe (6 June 1862) p. 256.

3 The University of Maryland's University Archives do not have course catalogs between the academic year 1865–1866 and 1871–1872. It is not known why the course catalogs for those years have not survived.

4 See Adele H. Stamp Papers, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, http://digital.lib.umd.edu/archivesum/actions.DisplayEADDoc.do?source=/MdU.ead.histms.0163.xml.