Understanding the reproduction of health inequalities: physical activity, social class and Bourdieu’s habitus

ABSTRACT

Health inequalities continue to exist in advanced capitalist economies and so-called lifestyle behaviours (e.g. smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical (in)activity) play a role in their persistence. Interventionist responses to health inequalities are often posed in terms of either individual agency or social structure – the former being criticised for its shaming/responsibilising effects and the latter for inadequately conceptualising behavioural differences within socio-economic groups. In this paper, we attempt to reconcile these two positions by drawing on Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, arguing that health enhancing behaviours are better understood as practices constrained and enabled within social class contexts. As many interventionist health policies target young people in schools, we take the example of physical education and youth sport to illustrate how young people’s dispositions towards health practices are part of an emerging class habitus. We draw on data from a sociological study of young people’s physical activity and health in which twenty-nine participants (aged 13–14) from four socio-economically diverse school settings took part. The data presented here are selected from 60 focus group transcripts, ethnographic fieldnotes from 6 months of school visits and visual data from participants. Our data indicate that class differences exist in both the kinds of activities practiced by pupils and ways in which they are practiced. We argue that class-based differences are, at least partially, matters of embodied inclinations and dispositions that are already evident at the age of 13/14. Consequently, we demonstrate how school-focused health promotion through physical education and youth sport may contribute to health inequalities as a result of being more or less accessible and appealing to pupils with a different classed-habitus within different educational fields. This paper questions the on-going interventionist policies that position schools as sites for health promotion without adequately accounting for the influence of class cultures.

KEYWORDS:

• Health inequalities
• physical education
• physical activity
• sport
• youth
• habitus

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank John Evans as well as the reviewers for providing valuable comments on an early draft of this paper. Thanks also to the schools and participants who allowed this research to take place. We acknowledge the support of Loughborough University for providing funding for this research.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1 ‘Chav’ is a term commonly used in the UK as a derogatory term to demonise and stigmatise lower class people and ways of life – for further discussion see Jones (2012).

2 Scootering is an activity sometimes referred to as ‘kick’ or ‘push’ scootering that involves manually riding on a single platform scooter with two wheels and a handlebar.

3 Free running is sometimes known as ‘parkour’ and involves running and jumping and acrobatic activities in urban settings.

Additional information

Funding

Oli’s time is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust.