Abstract
Sustainable and livable cities and non-motorized transportation modes are being increasingly promoted around the world. A considerable number of studies have investigated various factors associated with the severity of pedestrian crashes. However, little attention has been paid to the particular impacts of lighting conditions. This paper aims to differentiate between different lighting conditions based on solar altitude by developing separate Generalized Ordered Probit (GOP) models for the four distinct lighting conditions (i.e. daylight, twilight, dark, and lighted) analysing pedestrian injury severity at urban intersections. The models are tested using a set of log-likelihood ratio tests, which show there are key differences in the significance of the estimates, magnitude, and even the direction of the effects of explanatory variables, in which such differences may not be revealed by calibrating one aggregate model. Notably, built environments, age, gender of both pedestrian and driver, and speed limits were found to have different impacts on the severity of the crash.
Author contributions
The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: Ali Karami, Amir Reza Mamdoohi, Hossein Karami, Mahdieh Allahviranloo; data collection: Hossein Karami, Ali Karami; analysis and interpretation of results: Ali Karami, Amir Reza Mamdoohi, Hossein Karami, Mahdieh Allahviranloo; draft manuscript preparation: Ali Karami, Hossein Karami, Amir Reza Mamdoohi, Mahdieh Allahviranloo. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) for providing the data used by this study.
Declaration of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.