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Abstract
Real-world hate speech crimes are defined by reference to the special attributes of the victim. A thought experiment about hate speech in virtual worlds indicates that this approach to the criminalisation of hate speech may not be sustainable.
Keywords:
Notes
1. See Walden, I. (2007). Computer crimes and digital investigations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3.187–3.212.
2. Though see contra, ‘Bein’ Green' (Raposo), (1970), Sesame Street.
3. World of Warcraft Terms of Use, Clauses 4C and 5, available at http://www.worldof warcraft.com/legal/eula.html; EverQuest II User Agreement clause 6(iv) & (v), available at http://help.station.sony.com
4. See Yee. N. (2006). The psychology of massively multi-user online role-playing games: Motivations, emotional investment, relationships and poblematic usage. In Schroeder, R. & Axelson, A.-S. (2006). Avatars at work and play: Collaboration and interaction in shared virtual environments (Chap. 9, pp. 187–207). Netherlands: Springer.
5. Reed, C. (November 2008). Why must you be mean to me? – Crime, punishment and online personality. Queen Mary University of London School of Law Working Paper, available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1305125
6. R v. White [2001] EWCA Crim 216 (14 February 2001).
7. Director of Public Prosecutions v. M (A Minor) [2004] EWHC 1453 (Admin) (25 May 2004).
8. In English v. Thomas Sanderson Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 1421, para. 38, Sedley LJ was prepared to find sexual harassment based on an imaginary sexuality.
9. See e.g. Templeton, A. (2002). Out of Africa again and again. Nature, 416, 45.