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Articles

Copyright and live streaming of sports broadcasting

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Pages 265-288 | Received 21 Oct 2016, Accepted 16 Feb 2017, Published online: 27 Mar 2017
 

ABSTRACT

The inception of live streaming technology has rapidly changed the way in which sporting events are transmitted. The unauthorised retransmission of live sports telecasts over the Internet has become one of the main concerns in sports media, where broadcasters have lost billions of dollars’ worth of sports broadcasting contracts and sponsorship deals. The scale of this problem has caused serious harm, both to sports rights-holders and to broadcasters. Legislative reforms are required in order to balance the public’s ever-increasing desire for convenient ways to view digital materials against the legal rights of the owners of the material, while also aiming to maintain a forward-looking perspective in an attempt to foresee potential technological advancements that may pose considerable challenges to the traditional copyright law. This article analyses how the concept of live streaming of live sports has changed the legal landscape.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

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4. The international nature of intellectual property is also reflected in international agreements and conventions that attempt to address intellectual property protection across jurisdictions like the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886), World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) (1974) and the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) (1994); See Mark Davidson (et al.), Australian Intellectual Property (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed 2012).

5. Stephanie N. Horner, Comment, DMCA: Professional Sports Leagues’ Answer To Protecting Their Broadcasting Rights Against Illegal Streaming, (2014), 24 Marquette Sports Law Review 435, 438 quoted in Adam Ainslie, ‘The Burden of Protecting Live Sports Telecasts: The Real Time Problem of Live Streaming and AppBased Technology’ (2015) at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2729641> (last accessed 17 October 2016).

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24. Free TV Australia, Media Release 1 February 2016.

25. Brad Sherman, Wiseman Leanne, Copyright and the Challenge of the New (2012, Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands) at 221.

26. Richard Haynes, ‘A Pageant of Sound and Vision: Football’s Relationship with Television, 1936–60’, The International Journal of the History of Sport 15(1) (1998): 211, 211, quoted in Brad Sherman, Wiseman Leanne, Copyright and the Challenge of the New (2012, Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands) at 222.

27. Brad Sherman, Wiseman Leanne, Copyright and the Challenge of the New (2012, Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands) at 221.

28. Brad Sherman, Wiseman Leanne, Copyright and the Challenge of the New (2012, Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands) at 216. See also J. Caughie, ‘Before the Golden Age: Early Television Drama’ in Popular Television in Britain: Studies in Cultural History, ed. J. Corner (London: BFI, 1991), 23, quoted in Brad Sherman, Wiseman Leanne, Copyright and the Challenge of the New (2012, Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands) at 221.

29. Darryl Wilson, ‘The Cable TV-Sports Broadcasting Nexus’ (1986) 8(1) Communications and the Law 43, 44.

30. Darryl Wilson, ‘The Cable TV-Sports Broadcasting Nexus’ (1986) 8(1) Communications and the Law 43, 44.

31. Roger G. Noll, ‘Broadcasting and Team Sports’ (2007) SIEPR Discussion paper at 6.

32. Roger G. Noll, ‘Broadcasting and Team Sports’ (2007) SIEPR Discussion paper at 6.

33. David Austerberry, Technology of Video and Audio Streaming (Focal Press [Imprint], 2002) at 15; Borghi M, ‘Chasing copyright infringement in the streaming landscape’ (2011) 43 (3) IIC International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 316–343.

34. Borghi M, ‘Chasing copyright infringement in the streaming landscape’ (2011) 43 (3) IIC International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 316–343; Adam Ainslie, above n 5.

35. Adam Ainslie, above n 5.

36. For a detailed account on the history of P2P technology see Chia-heng Seetoo, ‘Can Peer-To-Peer Internet Broadcast Technology Give Fans Another Chance? Peer-To-Peer Streaming Technology and Its Impact’ (2007) Law, Technology & Policy 369–394.

37. Thus fails to meet exceptions allowed in s111 of the Copyright Act.

38. Chia-heng Seetoo, ‘Can Peer-To-Peer Internet Broadcast Technology Give Fans Another Chance? Peer-To-Peer Streaming Technology and Its Impact’ (2007) 2007 Law, Technology & Policy 369, 394.

39. Rafael Ferraz Vazquez, ‘Sport and broadcasting rights: adding value’, WIPO Magazine (2013).

40. Seagull Haiyan Song, ‘How Should China Respond to the Online Piracy of Live Sports Telecasts? A Comparative Study of Chinese Copyright Legislation to US and European Legislation’ (2011) 9 University of Denver Sports and Entertainment Law Journal 3, 21.

41. Michael J. Mellis, ‘Internet Piracy of Live Sports Telecasts’ (2008) 18 Marq. Sports L. Rev 259, 260.

42. Jeff Stone, ‘Forget The Pirate Bay: Use These Illegal Sports Streaming Sites to Watch Any Game For Free’, (2015) International Business Times.

43. Jared Lynch, ‘Illegal sports piracy networks undercutting TV networks’, Sydney Morning Herald (online), 1 June 2015 <http://www.smh.com.au/business/illegal-sports-piracy-networks-undercutting-tv-networks-20150530-ghd65z.html> (last accessed 28 November 2016).

44. Michael J. Mellis, ‘Internet Piracy of Live Sports Telecasts’ (2008) 18(2) Marquette Sports Law Review 259, 263.

45. Channel 7, 9, 10, Go! and ABC iView are examples of this.

46. Lily Mayers and Riley Stuart, Danny Green vs Anthony Mundine live streamers will face legal action from Foxtel (5 January 2017) at <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-04/green-v-mundine-live-streamers-warned-to-brace-for-legal-action/8241276> (last accessed 5 February 2017).

47. Kia Kokalitcheva, ‘Here’s how much periscope has grown in its first year’, Fortune (online), 28 March 2016 <http://fortune.com/2016/03/28/periscope-one-year-birthday/> (last accessed 20 December 2016).

48. Queenie Wong, ‘Anti-piracy battle unfolds in real time on Periscope, live-streaming apps’ San Jose Mercury News (online), 20 September 2015. <http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_28846415/anti -piracy-battle-unfolds-real-time-periscope-live> (last accessed 3 December 2016).

49. Howard Swains, ‘Free football streaming: how illegal sites keep outpacing broadcasters’ The Guardian (online), 1 August 2015 <http://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/aug/01/faster-easier-free-illegal-football-streams> (last accessed 30 December 2016).

50. Howard Swains, ‘Free football streaming: how illegal sites keep outpacing broadcasters’ The Guardian (online), 1 August 2015 <http://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/aug/01/faster-easier-free-illegal-football-streams> (last accessed 30 December 2016).

51. Alistair Cameron, Football’s coming into the home – but how can broadcasters target pirates re-streaming live sports? (14 August 2015) SoccerEx <https://www.soccerex.com/news/2015/08/football’s-coming-home-–-how-can-broadcasters-target-pirates-re-streaming-live-sports> (last accessed 3 November 2016).

52. Alistair Cameron, Football’s coming into the home – but how can broadcasters target pirates re-streaming live sports? (14 August 2015) SoccerEx <https://www.soccerex.com/news/2015/08/football’s-coming-home-–-how-can-broadcasters-target-pirates-re-streaming-live-sports> (last accessed 3 November 2016).

53. European Commission, ‘Freedom of Expression, Media and Digital Communications’ (2012), <https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/study-freedom-expression-communication-key-issues-201212_en_3.pdf> (last accessed 2 February 2017).

54. David Lipson, Freen v Mundine: How two blokes outsmarted Foxtel and why it should get on board (5 February 2017) at <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-05/how-two-blokes-outsmarted-foxtel/8241800> (last accessed 5 February 2017).

56. Jared Lynch, ‘Illegal sports piracy networks undercutting TV networks’, Sydney Morning Herald (online), 1 June 2015 <http://www.smh.com.au/business/illegal-sports-piracy-networks-undercutting-tv-networks-20150530-ghd65z.html> (last accessed 1 December 2016).

57. [1999] FCA 1042.

58. (1999) 46 IPR 53, 67; Victoria Walk, ‘No Free Kicks: Copyright in the Sporting Arena’ (2009) 28 (3) Communications Law Bulletin 22, 22.

59. There are three relevant definitions in section 10 of the Act: “Broadcast” is defined as “a communication to the public delivered by a broadcasting service within the meaning of the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 (Cth).” “Television broadcast” means “visual images broadcast by way of television, together with any sounds broadcast for reception along with those images”, “Sound broadcast” means “a broadcast otherwise than as part of a television broadcast”, see Copyright Subsistence: Subject Matter Other than Works (Part IV) at <http://wikijuris.net/ausip/copyrightsubsp4>(last accessed 16 November 2016).

60. See Seagull Haiyan Song, ‘New Challenges of Chinese Copyright Law in the Digital Age: A Comparative Copyright Analysis of ISP Liability: Fair Use and Sports Telecasts’ (Kluwer Law International, 2011) at 84.

61. Mark Davidson (et al), Australian Intellectual Property (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2012) 228.

62. Mark Davidson (et al), Section 10 (1), Copyright Act, 1968.

63. Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) section 22.

64. [2013] FCAFC 11.

65. Commonwealth of Australia Gazette—Determination under Paragraph (c) of the Definition of ‘Broadcasting Service’, (No 1 of 2000), Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No GN 38, 27.

66. [2016] NSWSC 523.

67. at [52].

68. at [82].

69. at [84] – [85].

70. Gaye Middleton, ‘Copyright Beyond the Digital Frontier – Australia's Proposed Digital Agenda Reforms’ [1999] Journal of Law, Information and Science (1999) 10(1) 52.

71. (2001) F.C.A 1719 (Fed Ct (Aus).

72. Gaye Middleton, ‘Australia: Intellectual Property-Copyright’ (2002) 8 (5) Comp and Telecom L. Review, quoted in Maurizio Borghi, ‘Chasing Copyright Infringement in the Streaming Landscape’ (2011) 42 (3) International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 1, 18

73. Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) s Section 21 (1).

74. See also Jonathon Barlow, ‘Copyright - who has the right to rent DVDs?’ at <http://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/580/copyright---who-has-the-right-to-rent-dvds.aspx> (last accessed 30 November 2016).

75. Section 111A of the Copyright Act.

76. See Gaye Middleton, ‘Australia: Intellectual Property-Copyright’ (2002) 8 (5) Comp and Telecom L. Review, quoted in Maurizio Borghi, ‘Chasing Copyright Infringement in the Streaming Landscape’ (2011) 42 (3) International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 1, 18.

77. ALRC, ‘Caching, indexing and other internet functions’ at <http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/issues-paper/caching-indexing-and-other-internet-functions>, see also ALRC, ‘Incidental or Technical Use and Data and Text Mining’ at <https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/11-incidental-or-technical-use-and-data-and-text-mining/incidental-or-technical-use> (last accessed 3 November 2016).

78. [2014] FCA 1411.

79. [2014] FCA 1411, [1]-[2].

80. [2014] FCA 1411, [4]-[6].

81. [2014] FCA 1411, [15], [50].

82. [2014] FCA 1411, [120].

83. Section 10 of the Copyright Act 1968 defines “communicate” in the following manner: Communicate means make available online or electronically transmit (whether over a path, or a combination of paths, provided by a material substance or otherwise) a work or other subject matter.

84. Mark Davison, Ann Monotti and Leanne Wiseman, Australian Intellectual Property Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, 2012) 242, 243.

85. Explanatory Memorandum, Copyright Amendment Bill 2006 (Cth) 130; Mark Davison, Ann Monotti and Leanne Wiseman, Australian Intellectual Property Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, 2012) 242, 243.

86. Submission to Senate Inquiry into the Reporting of Sports News and Digital Media’ at 2.

87. [2015] FCA 317.

88. See para [30].

89. At 25-32.

90. [2015] FCA 317.

91. (2012) 201 FCR 147.

92. He was particularly drawn to the High Court’s earlier decision in University of New South Wales v Moorhouse where he argued: … Critically, for present purposes, Gibbs J said that it was ‘impossible to hold’ that the University did the act of photocopying when the student copied the part of a book in its library (133 CLR at 11). ‘In my opinion, there is a reasonable analogy between the University’s provision of the photocopier and Optus’ provision of the TV Now service. Each of them provided a means for a third person – a student or a user – to make a copy or a film. But, as Gibbs J reasoned, it was impossible to say that the University did the act of photocopying by providing the photocopier, just as, in my opinion, it is impossible to say that Optus makes any of the films in the four formats that are created when a user clicks “record” and its data centre carries out that instruction’.

93. (2012) 201FCR 147 at [58].

94. [2012] HCA 16.

95. 101(1A) of the Copyright Act 1968.

96. at 78.

97. Sudipta Sengupta, ‘Peer-to-Peer Streaming Capacity’ (2011) 57 (8) IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 5072–5087.

98. (1975) 133 CLR 1, 12, 20-1.

99. Bryan Mercurio. ‘Internet Service Provider Liability for Copyright Infringements of Subscribers: A Comparison of the American and Australian Efforts to Combat the Uncertainty’(2002) 9(4) Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 51; University of New South Wales v Moorhouse (1975) 133 CLR 1, 12, 20-1.

100. The Online Copyright Infringement Discussion Paper (September 2014) Universities Australia <https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/ArticleDocuments/695/Submission%20in%20response%20to%20the%20Online%20Copyright%20Infringement%20Discussion%20Paper.pdf.aspx> (last accessed 5 October 2016).

101. (1975) 133 CLR 1, 13–14.

102. Sam Ricketson, J.C & Ginsburg, ‘Inducers and Authorisers: A Comparison of the US Supreme Court’s Grokster Decision and the Australian Federal Court’s KaZaa Ruling’ (2006) Columbia Law School - Columbia Public Law & Legal Theory Working Papers at <http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=columbia/pllt> (last accessed 3 October 2016).

103. [2005] FCA 1242.

104. Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) s 115A(1)-(2).

105. Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) s 115A(3).

106. (2016) FCA 1503.

107. (2016) FCA 1503 [95].

109. Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) s 40.

110. Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) s 41.

111. Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) s 41A.

112. Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) s 42.

113. Adam Turner, ‘Cricket caught in online blackout as Nine kicks of live streaming’, Sydney Morning Herald (online) 29 January 2016 <http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/computers/gadgets-on-the-go/cricket-caught-in-online-blackout-as-nine-kicks-off-live-streaming-20160129-gmgtd2.html> (last accessed 18 November 2016).

114. (2012) 201 FCR 147.

115. (2012) 201 FCR 147

116. (2012) 201 FCR 147

117. (2012) 201 FCR 147 [96].

118. Understanding Live Streaming Content (2016) at <http://androidkingz.info/2016/06/> (last accessed 2 October 2016).

119. YouTube & Copyright (December 2014) Australian Copyright Council <http://www.copyright.org.au/acc_prod/ACC/Information_Sheets/YouTube___Copyright.aspx> 7(last accessed 26 October 2016).

120. Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) ss 36(1), 101(1).

121. SW Hart v Edwards Hot Water Systems (1985) 159 CLR 466 at 482 (per Wilson J).

122. IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd (2009) 254 ALR 386 at 394 per French CJ, Crennan and Kiefel JJ.

123. Adam Ainslie, ‘The Burden of Protecting Live Sports Telecasts: The Real Time Problem of Live Streaming and AppBased Technology; (2015) at <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2729641> (last accessed 17 November 2016).

124. YouTube & Copyright (December 2014) Australian Copyright Council <http://www.copyright.org.au/acc_prod/ACC/Information_Sheets/YouTube___Copyright.aspx> 8 (last accessed 17 November 2016).

125. (2012) CLR 1.

126. at [28].

127. Lily Mayers and Riley Stuart, Danny Green vs Anthony Mundine live streamers will face legal action from Foxtel (5 January 2017) at <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-04/green-v-mundine-live-streamers-warned-to-brace-for-legal-action/8241276> (last accessed 5 February 2017).

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