Detection of depression and anxiety disorders by home care nurses

Abstract

Several studies have reported that psychiatric disorders, mainly depression and anxiety disorders, were masked and undiagnosed among older adults, particularly frail elderly. This phenomenon could have a significant impact on elderly quality of life. In this study, we assessed the utility of three measures for detecting mental health disorders among frail elderly receiving home care services: (1) the PRIME-MD; (2) a standard psychological distress measure (PDI-29), and (3) the health care case manager'sa priori judgment on the subject'smental health status. Results obtained by home care nurses were compared to those obtained by clinical psychologists using a structured diagnostic interview (SCID for DSM-IV). The study was conducted in two community health service centres. During the study'speriod, all patients in the health care workers’ caseload without cognitive impairment and not reporting significant stressful life events during the six-week period preceding the interview (n = 315) were asked to participate in the study. Results showed that 42.9% of the volunteers that agreed to meet a psychologist at home (n = 177) had a current SCID-IV diagnosis. The specificity of the PRIME-MD test performed by nurses was 83.8% and its sensitivity was 41.7%. The correct classification rate was 66.7%. Results indicated that the PDI-29 items showed better performance characteristics than the PRIME-MD in identifying current cases. The specificity of the PDI-29 was 59.0% and its sensitivity was 73.6%. These results lead us to the conclusion that the PRIME-MD, previously proposed by Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B., Kroenke, K., Linzer, M., DeGruy, F.V. 3rd, Hahn, S.R., et al. (1994, Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272 (22), 1749–1756.) to help physicians in primary care clinics, could be less appropriate than the PDI-29 when used by home care nurses in identifying undiagnosed mental health disorders in frail older adults living at home. Moreover, this study showed that the health care case manager'sa priori judgment on the care receiver'smental health status is not sufficient in identifying frail elderly mental health services needs. A two-stage screening procedure is proposed to help home care nurses.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec (961257–104) grant program. The authors thank Bernadette Wilson for editing a previous draft of this manuscript.