Age and education effects and norms on a cognitive test battery from a population-based cohort: The Monongahela–Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team

Abstract

Objectives: Performance on cognitive tests can be affected by age, education, and also selection bias. We examined the distribution of scores on several cognitive screening tests by age and educational levels in a population-based cohort.

Method: An age-stratified random sample of individuals aged 65+ years was drawn from the electoral rolls of an urban US community. Those obtaining age and education-corrected scores ≥21/30 on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were designated as cognitively normal or only mildly impaired, and underwent a full assessment including a battery of neuropsychological tests. Participants were also rated on the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. The distribution of neuropsychological test scores within demographic strata, among those receiving a CDR of 0 (no dementia), are reported here as cognitive test norms. After combining individual test scores into cognitive domain composite scores, multiple linear regression models were used to examine associations of cognitive test performance with age and education.

Results: In this cognitively normal sample of older adults, younger age and higher education were associated with better performance in all cognitive domains. Age and education together explained 22% of the variation of memory, and less of executive function, language, attention, and visuospatial function.

Conclusion: Older age and lesser education are differentially associated with worse neuropsychological test performance in cognitively normal older adult representatives of the community at large. The distribution of scores in these participants can serve as population-based norms for these tests, and can be especially useful to clinicians and researchers assessing older adults outside specialty clinic settings.

Keywords:

• neuropsychological tests
• epidemiology
• normative
• community

Acknowledgements

The work reported here was supported by grants R01 AG023651, P50 AG005133, and K24 AG022035 from the National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, and US Department of Health and Human Services. The authors thank all MYHAT project personnel and all MYHAT study participants for their contributions to the study.