Loneliness is associated with an increased risk of sedentary life in older Israelis

Abstract

Objectives: Both loneliness and insufficient physical activity are common in old age. This study investigated the association between loneliness and adherence to recommended guidelines of physical activity in a national sample of Israelis, and examined whether loneliness was a risk factor for insufficient physical activity independent of other variables.

Methods: A random sample of 1663 (799 men) older adults aged 65+ reported their physical activity routine, and based on official guidelines were categorized as sufficiently active, insufficiently active, and inactive. In addition, they were divided into lonely or not lonely based on a single question from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

Results: Chi-square analyses indicated that loneliness, but not living alone, were inversely related to level of physical activity in both genders. Based on multinomial stepwise logistic regressions body mass index, being religious versus secular, self-rated health, and education were associated with engaging in physical activity in men (Cox & Snell R ² = 0.202). Loneliness contributed significantly to explaining the level of participation in physical activity beyond these variables in women, but not in men (Cox & Snell R ² = 0.197).

Conclusions: Loneliness is associated with an increasing risk of inactivity in advanced age in women. Further research inquiring into whether loneliness is the cause of reduced physical activity or whether physical activity acts as a protective factor against loneliness is needed. Developing and implementing tailored intervention programs that encourage social interaction in combination with a physical activity program are recommended.

Keywords:

• insufficient physical activity
• social relationship
• MABAT
• advanced age

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support of: the Israel National Institute for Health Policy and Health Services Research (NIHP 2002/15/A); the Israel Hypertension Society; and the Association for the Planning and Development of Services for the Aged in Israel – ESHEL.