Perceptions and practice behaviors regarding late-life depression among private duty home care workers: a mixed-methods study

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to examine personal care aides (PCAs)’ knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes towards late-life depression and their experience caring for older adults with depression.

Method: This study used a mixed-methods convergent parallel design involving an online survey (n = 87) and semi-structured interviews (n = 22). Survey respondents were recruited using convenience sampling and interviewees using purposive sampling from private duty home care agencies in Michigan. Qualitative data analyzed using a technique involving data reduction and open coding. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results: Most PCAs underestimated suicide rate among older adults, overrated self-help ability of the depressed person, underrated difficulty diagnosing depression, and attributed depression to personality flaws. PCAs favored psychotherapy and informal support and generally regarded medication as unhelpful, particularly in mild/moderate depression. Despite these discordances, PCAs’ self-reported practice behaviors included strategies (i.e., communication, behavioral, cognitive, emotional regulation, relational, and external) that were largely consistent with the scientific view, particularly relating to behavioral activation. A prominent theme from PCAs’ narratives was individualized care, reflected in their assessment of depressive symptoms, attitude towards depression treatment, and strategies caring for clients.

Conclusions: Several areas of PCAs’ perceptions regarding late-life depression were discordant with the current scientific view, although their practice behaviors were largely consistent with the principles of evidence-based practice for depression. Specialized mental health training, a standard depression care protocol, and higher training standards are essential to mobilize the large number of PCAs to improve the mental health outcomes of hard-to-reach older adults.

Keywords:

• Home care
• direct care workers
• depression
• older adults

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Annie Cheng, for her assistance with participant recruitment, Dr. Berit Ingersoll-Dayton, for her support in developing the interview protocol, as well as the home care agencies and staff who participated in the study.

Disclosure statement

None.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, University of Michigan Older Americans Independence Center Research Education Core (Grant number: AG024824), and the Michigan Center for Urban African American Aging Research (Grant number P30 AG015281). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funding agencies.