Abstract
Objectives
To identify typology of pain coping in older adults and to see whether the coping types or patterns were associated with pain, physical health, and mental health outcomes.
Methods
Six hundred and fifty six Chinese older adults were recruited on a convenience basis from social centers in Hong Kong. A 14-item Brief Pain Coping Scale (BPCS) was constructed on the basis of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory. Outcome measures included pain intensity, pain disability, pain-related cognitions, depressive symptoms, health-related quality of life, and health and physical functioning (in terms of chronic illnesses, basic and instrumental activities of daily living, and self-rated health). Coping typology was identified using latent class analysis.
Results
A 3-class solution based on BPCS provided the best fit to data. Class 1 used almost all coping strategies on a daily basis, Class 2 used the strategies less frequently, whereas Class 3 adopted few strategies. Yet, Class 3 was basically indistinguishable from Class 1 across the outcome variables, even though the participants had more chronic illnesses and poorer instrumental activities of daily living than those in Class 1. Class 2, however, had the poorest outcome profiles, reporting more pain, disability, depression, and health-related quality of life than the other two classes. The differences in coping could not be explained by the differential effectiveness of coping strategies across groups.
Conclusion
The way coping was used, and the way it was related to pain, mood, health and functioning outcomes, varied substantially across individuals. Implications for coping skills interventions are discussed.
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Acknowledgment
The study was supported by Tai Hung Fai Charitable Foundation.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.