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Articles

The Public Schools Commission: ‘Impractical, Expensive and Harmful to Children’?

Pages 511-531 | Published online: 28 Sep 2010
 

Abstract

In the mid-1960s, the Labour government established a Commission to devise the best way of integrating Britain's elite independent schools with the state-financed school system. Despite—and because of—the left's scepticism of private education, the Commission faced enormous obstacles and their solution of state-subsidised boarding places was seen as unworkable, unaffordable and unpopular. Government papers help to explain the various reasons why the Commission's proposals were not implemented: in particular, the public schools were regarded as a low spending priority. The lack of reform is key to understanding the continuing importance of independent schools in the UK.

Acknowledgements

The author thanks the following people who were involved with the Public Schools Commission for commenting on a draft of this article: Geoffrey Cockerill (Secretary, 1966–68); John Dancy (Member, 1966–68); David Donnison (Vice-Chairman, 1966–68, and Chairman, 1968–70); Howard Glennerster; and Harry Judge (Member, 1966–70).

Notes

Nicholas Hillman is a Special Adviser in the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. His past publications include articles on Enoch Powell, British fascism after World War Two, as well as various think-tank books.

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 [37] PSC, First Report, vii.

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 [39] Donnison, Letter to the author, 29 April 2009, 2.

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 [44] Howard Glennerster, Email to the author, 16 June 2010.

 [45] PSC, First Report, 11.

 [46] Ibid., 8.

 [47] Ibid., 132–6.

 [48] Ibid., 9.

 [49] Ibid., 13.

 [50] Ibid., 175–80.

 [51] TNA: ED 207/18, H. F. Rossetti, Deputy Secretary, Untitled note, 16 May 1968, 1.

 [52] TNA: T 227/2714, A. E. Holmans, ‘Public Schools Commission Report’, Note to Mr Jones, 30 August 1968, 3–4.

 [53] PSC, First Report, 219–20.

 [54] Donnison, Letter to the author, 29 April 2009, 2.

 [55] Ibid., 221, 224.

 [56] John Vaizey, ‘If the Public Schools Go Bust So Be it’, Sunday Times, 21 July 1968, 12.

 [57] PSC, First Report, 1.

 [58] Ibid., 2.

 [59] Judge, Generation Schooling, 95.

 [60] TNA: CAB 128/43 CC (68)36, ‘Conclusions of a Meeting of the Cabinet’, 18 July 1968, 7.

 [61] Benn, Office Without Power, 91; TNA: PREM 13/2069, ‘Public Schools Commission’, Note to the Prime Minister from Burke Trend, 17 July 1968, 1.

 [62] Benn, Office Without Power, 91.

 [63] ‘Schools Report Fails to Please Ministers’, Guardian, 23 July 1968, 1.

 [64] ‘Public Schools: The Worst of Both Worlds’, Guardian, 23 July 1968, 8.

 [65] ‘Prejudiced Report’, Daily Telegraph, 23 July 1968, 14.

 [66] D. V. Donnison, ‘An Elite from All Classes’, Sunday Times, 28 July 1968, 10.

 [67] Griggs, ‘The Trades Union Congress’, 49; ‘Fewer Than 3 Per Cent Involved’, Guardian, 23 July 1968, 4.

 [68] PSC, Appendices, 217–8.

 [69] ‘Disappointing’, Financial Times, 23 July 1968, 13.

 [70] HMC: D. D. Lindsay, ‘The Chairman's Address’, HMC Annual Meeting 1968, 27 September 1968, 64, 65, 73.

 [71] Dancy, unpublished memoirs, 100.

 [72] Brian MacArthur, ‘Parents Will Have Last Word on Public Schools, Head Says’, The Times, 26 September 1968, 4.

 [73] PSC, Appendices, 22.

 [74] Clare, ‘Public Schools’ Commission', 249.

 [75] Crosland, Anthony. Statement to the House of Commons, 22 December 1965. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 722 (1965–66), col. 2112.

 [76] PSC, Appendices, 266.

 [77] Ibid., 244.

 [78] Lambert, ‘The Challenge to the Public School Ethos’, 79.

 [79] ‘Public Schools: The Worst of Both Worlds’, Guardian, 23 July 1968, 8.

 [80] Butler, ‘The Public Schools Commission’, 9.

 [81] Rae, Public School Revolution, 39–40, 46.

 [82] TNA: PREM 13/2069, Burke Trend, ‘Public Schools’, Note to the Prime Minister on C (65)155, 24 November 1965.

 [83] TNA: ED 207/18, G. F. Cockerill, ‘Public Schools Commission—First Report’, Draft brief for the Secretary of State on the Public Schools Commission's report, 3 May 1968, 4.

 [84] TNA: CAB 129/138 C (68)86, ‘Public Schools Commission: First Report’, Note by the Secretary of State for Education and Science, 16 July 1968.

 [85] TNA: CAB 128/43 CC (68)36, ‘Conclusions of a Meeting of the Cabinet’, 18 July 1968, 7.

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 [89] Ibid., 232, 241.

 [90] TNA: ED 207/18, D. Evan Morgan, Note to Miss Alexander, 19 September 1968.

 [91] William Hayter, Chairman of the GBA, and Donald Lindsay, Chairman of the HMC, ‘Public Schools Report’, The Times, 5 October 1968, 9.

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 [93] Labour Party, Private Schools, 34.

 [94] Short, Edward. Oral answer in the House of Commons, 17 July 1969. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 787 (1968–69), col. 866.

 [95] Short, Edward. Written answer to the House of Commons, 7 May 1970. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 801 (1969–70), col. 160W.

 [96] TNA: T 227/3414 and T 227/2714, various papers.

 [97] TNA: ED 207/18, G. E. Dudman to Mr Leadbetter, 10 May 1968, 1.

 [98] Labour Party, Now Britain's strong, 14.

 [99] Conservative Party, Better Tomorrow, 20.

[100] TNA: T 227/3414, Enclosure to a letter from J. C. Hedger, Private Secretary at the DES, to R. T. Armstong, Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, 4 September 1970.

[101] Thatcher, Margaret. Written answer to the House of Commons, 19 November 1970. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 806 (1970–71), col. 1403.

[102] ‘Independence—It's Worth Having Says Mrs Thatcher’, Banbury Guardian, 4 November 1971, 5.

[103] Labour Party, Report of the Sixtyseventh Annual Conference, 237.

[104] Halsey, No Discouragement, 131.

[105] TNA: T 227/2714, A. E. Holmans, ‘The Independent Schools: The Present Position, Recent Trends, and Economic Issues’, 17 January 1966, 12–17.

[106] TNA: T 227/2321, J. L. Rampton, ‘S.S. (65)7—Public Schools’, Treasury Paper on a Ministerial Committee on Social Services Paper by Anthony Crosland, 18 May 1965, 2–3.

[107] PSC, First Report, 6, 77–78(fn.).

[108] HMC: T. E. B. Howarth, ‘Public Session: The Public Schools Commission’, HMC Annual Meeting 1968, 25 September 1968, 21.

[109] Earl of Longford. Speech to the House of Lords, 23 February 1966. Parliamentary Debates, Lords, 5th ser., vol. 273 (1965–66), col. 320.

[110] ‘67% Say Hands Off Public Schools’, Sunday Times, 10 March 1968, 1.

[111] TNA: ED 207/18, G. F. Cockerill, ‘Public Schools Commission—First Report’, Draft brief for the Secretary of State on the Public Schools Commission's report, 3 May 1968, 7.

[112] Glennerster and Wilson, Paying for Private Schools, 132.

[113] DES data, as used in Walford, ‘Private Schooling’, 5.

[114] Butler, ‘The Public Schools Commission’, 9.

[115] T. E. B. Howarth, ‘Public School Hawks and Doves’, Daily Telegraph, 23 July 1968, 14; Hillman, ‘The Impact of the “Permissive Society” on the Public Boarding School System’.

[116] TNA: ED 207/18, G. F. Cockerill, ‘Public Schools Commission—First Report’, Draft brief for the Secretary of State on the Public Schools Commission's report, 3 May 1968, 11.

[117] TNA: ED 207/18, Herbert Andrew, comments on H. F. Rossetti's untitled note, 17 May 1968, 2.

[118] John Vaizey, ‘If the Public Schools Go Bust So Be it’, Sunday Times, 21 July 1968, 12.

[119] TNA: ED 207/18, G. F. Cockerill, ‘Public Schools Commission—First Report’, Draft brief for the Secretary of State on the Public Schools Commission's report, 3 May 1968, 5–6.

[120] Crosland, Conservative Enemy, 178.

[121] Rae, Public Schools Revolution, 132.

[122] ISIS Annual Survey data, as used in Walford, Life in Public Schools, 142.

[123] LSE: Anthony Crosland Papers 5/1, ‘Wilma Harte on Labour's Comprehensive Policy’, 2 July 1977, 4.

[124] Kogan, Politics of Education, p. 197.

[125] Panel on Fair Access to the Professions, Unleasing Aspiration, 18–19.

[126] Crosland, Tony Crosland, 148.

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