Abstract
The historiography of the rise and fall of Britain's largest, and only significant, fascist party, the British Union of Fascists (BUF), has been lively since its inception. As several leading historians in the field (notably Stanley Payne and Richard Thurlow) remarked, the number of academic works on the topic greatly surpasses its importance. The interest in the movement's history, however, refuses to die down and the number of works detailing various aspects of BUF operations continues to multiply. This study does not aspire to give an exhausting description of all published works on the BUF. Instead, it aims to chart the basic tendencies in historiography pertaining to the BUF and to inform the reader of fundamental, as well as the most recent scholarly work on the topic.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes
[1] British Union of Fascists changed its name to the British Union of Fascists and National Socialists in 1936 and in 1937 to British Union. I am referring to the movement as BUF in this article in order to avoid confusion.
[3] The Rex party won 21 of 202 deputies (11.4 per cent of the votes) and 12 senators in the 1936 elections. CitationBonney, Confronting the Nazi, 175–176.
[4] In the 1937 parliamentary elections, the Iron guard came in third, with 15.5 per cent of the votes. CitationPayne, A History of Fascism, 277–289.
[7] For example CitationRees, ‘Changing Interpretations’, 187–204.
[28] Skidelsky is also the author of John Maynard Keynes biography. See CitationSkidelsky, Keynes: The Return.
[31] Ibid., 158–159; similarly, CitationLewis, Illusions of Grandeur, 262, and other works.
[35]CitationDurham, ‘Women and the British Union’, 2–18. R.M. Douglas is author of the book on British voluntary women police during the Second World War. In his book, he devotes some attention to Mary Allen, one of the most prominent female members of the BUF. See CitationDouglas, Feminist Freikorps.
[42]CitationThurlow, ‘Blaming the Blackshirts’, 112–129; CitationThurlow, ‘State Management’, 29–52; CitationThurlow, ‘The Evolution’, 477–498; CitationThurlow, ‘The Guardian’, 241–254; CitationThurlow, ‘The Historiography and Source’, 141–171; CitationThurlow, ‘The Return of Jeremiah’, 100–113, and others.
[48]CitationCullen, ‘The Development’, 115–136. Important contribution to the study of the BUF's ideology is also Stuart Rawnsley's unpublished dissertation thesis. CitationRawnsley, ‘Fascism and Fascists’. Also see CitationCullen, ‘Leaders and Martyrs’, 408–430; and CitationSusser, ‘Fascism, Literary Modernism’, 463–486.
[53] Maxwell Knight was the role model for the ‘M’ character in the James Bond books. CitationMasters, The Man Who Was M.
[58]CitationCullen, ‘Four Women for Mosley’, 49–59; CitationDurham, Women and Fascism; CitationDurham, ‘Gender and the British’, 513–529; CitationDurham, ‘Women and the British Union’, 101–110; CitationGottlieb, ‘Women and Fascism’, 31–50; CitationKean, ‘Some Problems of Constructing’, 475–493; and CitationKillin, ‘Women and British Fascism’, 21–23.
[59] For example CitationCook, ‘A Fascist Memory’, 147–162; CitationDouglas, ‘The Swastika and the Shamrock’, 57–75; CitationHaskell, ‘Botticelli, Fascism’, 462–472; CitationCollins, ‘Return to Manhood’, 145–162; CitationCullen, ‘Political Violence’, 245–267; CitationPugh, ‘The British Union’, 529–542; and CitationLinehan, ‘Fascist Perceptions’, 23–30.
[64]CitationBarrett, ‘Liberal Tolerance’; CitationBarrett, ‘The Threat of the British’, 56–73; CitationCullen, ‘Another Nationalism’, 101–114; CitationCullen, ‘The British Union of Fascists’, 116–123; CitationLinehan, ‘The British Union of Fascists in Hackney’; CitationLoughlin, ‘Northern Island’, 537–552; CitationMaitles, ‘Fascism in the 1930s’, 7–22; CitationMilligan, ‘The British Union’, 1–17; CitationRenton, Red Shirts and Black; and CitationTurner, Fascism and Anti-Fascism.
[72] Marxist historians still deny the existence of the coherent fascist ideology and its revolutionary nature. In accordance with this trend, Dave Renton in 2000 wrote the article in which he claimed that to define fascism primarily as an ideology is the wrong way to understand it. See CitationRenton, ‘UK: Was Fascism an Ideology?’, 72–84. Also see CitationRenton, ‘British Fascism Reconsidered’, 65–78; and CitationRenton, Fascism, Anti-Fascism and Britain.
[74] For example CitationLinehan, ‘A Dangerous Piece of Celluloid?’, 41–54; CitationLinehan, ‘The British Union of Fascists as a Totalitarian’, 397–418; CitationLinehan, ‘Fascist Perceptions’, 23–30; CitationLinehan, ‘On the Side of Christ’, 75–89; CitationLinehan, ‘“On the Side of Christ”: Fascist Clerics’, 287–301; CitationLinehan, ‘The British Union of Fascists in Hackney’, and others.
[83] In particular, CitationKushner and Valman, Remembering Cable Street; CitationMoore-Colyer, ‘Towards “Mother Earth”’, 353–371; CitationNewsinger, ‘Blackshirts, Blueshirts’, 825–844; CitationStone, ‘The English Mistery’, 336–358; and CitationFisher and Fisher, ‘Tomorrow We Live’, 71–82.
[85]CitationGottlieb, ‘A Mosleyite Life Stranger’, 70–91; CitationGottlieb, ‘Britain's New Fascist Men’, 83–99; CitationGottlieb, ‘Female Fanatics’, 29–42; CitationGottlieb, ‘Suffragette Experiences’; CitationGottlieb, ‘The Gender of Tolerance’, 129–156; CitationGottlieb, ‘The Marketing of Megalomania’, 35–55; CitationGottlieb, ‘Women and British Fascism Revisited’, 108–123; CitationGottlieb, ‘Women and Fascism’, 31–50; CitationGottlieb, ‘Women Blackshirts’, 26–29, and others.
[90]CitationMount, ‘Double-Barrelled Dolts’, 14–17. See also P. Coupland, Book Review: Stephen Dorril, Author's blog [online]. Accessed March 19, 2013. http://drpmc.blogspot.co.uk/2008/08/book-review-stephen-dorrils-blackshirt.html
[91] Possible supplement to Dorrils book is Peter Cook's unpublished dissertation. CitationCook, Towards a Greater Britain: Unfortunately, approximately the last 30 years of Mosley's life is missing from the thesis. It shows, however, the possible future trends in the research on Oswald Mosley and the BUF.
[93]CitationWorley, Oswald Mosley; CitationWorley, ‘A Call to Action’, 236–255; CitationWorley, ‘What Was the New Party?’, 39–63; and CitationWorley, ‘Why Fascism?’, 68–83. Apart from Worley's work, Steven Woodbridge made some valuable contributions to this topic as well. See CitationWoodbridge, ‘Fraudulent Fascism’, 493–507.
[94] For example CitationHuggins, ‘Racing, Betting, Anti-Semitism’, 1529–1552. See also the biography of Wilfred Risdon: CitationRisdon, Black Shirt.
[97] One of the most recent studies on BUF is CitationYoung, ‘Fascism for the British Audience’, 93–116.
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Notes on contributors
Jakub Drabik
Jakub Drabik completed his PhD in history at the Charles University in Prague. His research focuses on the history of fascism, particularly British and Czech fascism and comparative fascist studies. His dissertation focused on British Union of fascists propaganda, and was published by the Charles University Press in 2014. Correspondence to: Jakub Drabik, Povazska 24, 040 11, Kosice, Slovakia.
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