Multilingualism in Algeria: between ‘soft power’, ‘Arabisation’, ‘Islamisation’, and ‘globalisation’

ABSTRACT

The language question in Algeria is far from a straightforward case and its complexity and multiplicity make it an original case to study due to the diversity of languages, its language politics in both the colonial and the postcolonial eras, and its tight relationship to different ideological movements, which still affect issues related to identity, religion and ethnicity. The distinction between the colonial and the postcolonial eras is a necessary step to understand the layers of complexity of its language policies and provide a context which helps explain the relationship between language politics and ‘soft power’, as theorised by Nye. It also provides a timeframe for when one can start talking about ‘soft power’, in contrast to ‘hard power’ where the coloniser imposed its language by force (what is known as the Frenchification project). The article seeks firstly to challenge the Arabisation project in relation to Algeria and presents its close relationship to the Islamisation of the country through soft power practices. Secondly, it questions the traditional linguistic dichotomy between Classical Arabic and dialects by adding to them a new language variety, which appeared as a result of soft power through cultural globalisation. The concept is developed further to highlight the emergence of a ‘new literary genre’ which also challenges traditional discourses, linguistic rules and literary canons.

KEYWORDS:

• Algeria
• colonial
• postcolonial
• language policy
• multilingualism
• soft power
• Berber
• e-Arabic

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1 General Mohamed Mediène, also known as Toufik, was head of the Algerian secret services, the Intelligence and Security Department (Département du renseignement et de la sécurité, DRS), from 1990 to 2015. He was described as the world’s longest serving ‘intelligence chief’.

2 Chaoui is the Berber language used in the Eastern part of Algeria.

3 Kamel Daoudi: http://www.algerie-focus.com/2013/06/djazairi-le-manifeste-de-ma-langue-par-kamel-daoud/