Institutions, Islam and Democracy Promotion: Explaining the Resilience of the Authoritarian State

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Notes

¹ Samuel Huntington' is perhaps the best-known exponent of the idea that democracies have emerged through a series of waves, the third of which – by his account – occurred in the years following the fall of the Portuguese dictatorship in 1974 (see Huntington, 1991). Renske Doorenspleet suggests a fourth wave can be identified in the period 1989–2001 (see Doorenspleet, 2005).