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Subject Review

Visually impaired (VI) education in Romania and the United Kingdom: Special education in Romania since 1990 for blind and partially sighted children and young people, with comparisons drawn from similar experiences of legislative and educational changes in England and Wales since 1981

, , & , PhD
Pages 305-317 | Received 06 Jan 2005, Accepted 05 Aug 2005, Published online: 10 Jul 2009
 

Abstract

This article reviews the educational facilities available in the last decades of the 20th century for blind and partially sighted children and young people in Romania and the UK. A turning point in England and Wales came with the Education (Special Educational Needs) Act 1981. For Romania, the turning point came in 1990 with the overthrow of the Ceaucescu regime in late 1989. Romania is seeking entry to the European Union in 2007. This has provided an incentive to bring special educational philosophy and facilities quickly into line with other countries in the European Union. Similar problems regarding inclusion are encountered in both countries. Differentiating features are their different demographic characteristics and the educational resources and assets available at the time of the major changes. Finally, there is a brief review of the number of people with sight loss in paid employment as the next logical focal point for a national inclusion strategy. The UK has been able to develop and advance further than Romania in this sphere, but the legal framework is in place in Romania. The generic terms visually impaired (VI) and sight loss are both used throughout when referring to blind and partially sighted people.

Resumen: Este artículo revisa y reflexiona sobre algunos de los cambios legislativos educacionales más importantes, que han tenido lugar en los últimos 25 años, en Inglaterra, Gales y Rumania, afectando la educación de los niños y gente joven con alteraciones visuales (AV). Mientras que se reconoce la importancia del concepto de inclusión de gente con discapacidad en todos los aspectos de la educación y de la sociedad, este artículo reconoce también que el progreso hacia la inclusión de la gente con discapacidad aún muestra imperfecciones. En el Reino Unido (UK), el nivel de preparación en la esfera educativa, antes disponible para los individuos con afecciones visuales, se ha disipado y ahora es difícil localizarla en algunas áreas de Inglaterra y Gales. A partir de un plan nacional de escuelas y colegios especiales segregados hace 25 años, el sistema educativo para alumnos con AV sin discapacidades adicionales ha alcanzado ahora una posición de inclusión casi total en las escuelas estatales. Sin embargo, la opción de selección aún permanece abierta con la existencia continua, aunque en diferente forma, de varias escuelas especiales independientes. Para muchos en el Reino Unido, esta elección puede ser ilusoria debido a limitaciones financieras ejercidas por las autoridades educacionales locales. En Rumania el progreso hacia una mayor inclusión en escuelas principales aún requiere de fondos a futuro y un entrenamiento profesional extenso. La primera parte inicia con la historia de la educación para niños con AV en ambos países, junto con la legislación reciente y la situación actual. La segunda parte examina algunas de las dificultades encontradas en los dos países en el camino hacia la educación de inclusión, para después tratar el tema de los prospectos de empleo para gente con AV al final de su educación. Palabras clave: Ciego, débil visual, deficiente visual, inclusión, educación especial.

Notes

Notes

1Interpretation of Statistics provided by the National Authority for Disabled People (ANPH). In reading these Romanian statistics, the following points are helpful. First, the definitions of blindness and of partial sight in the two countries are equivalent. The category of first degree blindness is termed GRAV or severe in the statistical tables. The category of partial sight is termed ACCENTUAT or serious sight loss in the tables. There are two other categories of people listed with impaired vision, these are termed MEDIU or moderate sight loss, which might for example be sight loss in one eye, and USOR or slight/mild sight loss. These categories include those with another major disability but who also have a sight loss and who are possibly also listed in the statistics under the heading of ASSOCIAT or multiple disabilities. The category for children in the Romanian statistics refers to those up to the age of 18 years.

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