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ARTICLES

Fathers' rights to paid parental leave in the Nordic countries: consequences for the gendered division of leave

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Pages 177-195 | Received 21 Jun 2010, Accepted 14 Dec 2010, Published online: 20 May 2011
 

Abstract

European Union policy encourages men and women to share parental leave to balance work and family life and promote gender equality in the labor market. A new directive extends parental leave to four months and introduces a quota, so one month is reserved for each parent. This article explores to what extent government-provided, paid parental leave and quotas for fathers could bring about equality in the division of leave between men and women by focusing on the pioneers in the field, the Nordic countries – the first nations to offer fathers parental leave and introduce quotas. First, we describe the extent to which parental leave policies have been established and implemented in a way that is likely to promote equal sharing of leave. Next, we evaluate the impact of particular configurations of gender equality incentives in present parental leave policies for the actual division of leave time between men and women. Findings contribute to the conceptual as well as empirical understanding of whether fathers' rights and use of parental leave can help bring about an egalitarian division of leave between mothers and fathers, often thought to be the foundation for gender equality.

La politique de l'Union européenne encourage les hommes et les femmes à partager le congé parental, pour mieux balancer le travail et la vie familiale et pour avancer la parité dans le marché du travail. Une nouvelle disposition législative prolonge le congé parental jusqu’à quatre mois et fournit un système de quota, sous forme d'un mois réservé pour chaque parent. Cet article explore dans quelle mesure le congé parental proposé par le gouvernement et les quotas des pères puissent affecter la parité en ce qui concerne la distribution du congé. L'article se concentre sur les pionniers de ce domaine (les pays nordiques)-les premiers pays à offrir aux pères le congé parental et à établir des quotas. D'abord, l'article décrit le contexte dans lequel la politique du congé parental a été établie et les mesures qui ont contribué au progrès de la parité dans la distribution du congé parental. Puis, l'article évalue le vrai impact des configurations spécifiques aux incitations à la parité dans la distribution du congé parental. Le résultat de cette étude contribue à la compréhension conceptuelle et empirique d'une question souvent considerée fondamentale à la parité: Est-ce que les droits des pères et l'utilisation du congé parental pourraient aider à réaliser une distribution égalitaire du congé parental entre mères et pères?

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully thank colleagues in the International Network for Leave Policies and Research for providing data for this report (http://www.leavenetwork.org), as well as Guðný Björk Eydal and Ingólfur V. Gíslason. They also thank Stephen Sweet for his patience and helpful comments.

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