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ARTICLES

‘Men have careers, women have babies’: unequal parental care among Irish entrepreneurs

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Pages 49-67 | Received 31 Oct 2008, Accepted 28 Oct 2010, Published online: 17 Aug 2011
 

Abstract

This paper examines how entrepreneurial parents in Ireland negotiate their work and family roles, drawing upon a national survey of women and men entrepreneurs, to ascertain the degree to which entrepreneurship facilitates a more equitable sharing of domestic and caring tasks. Relatively few studies have examined familial and domestic task allocation in the context of entrepreneurship, as opposed to employment. The results suggest that mothers (and not fathers) adopted flexible working strategies; took on a disproportionate responsibility for caring and domestic labour; and experienced greater role conflict. Far from contradicting the prevailing findings of gender and employment issues, the study validates the gendered patterns of divergence between men and women and illustrates how they extend into entrepreneurship. Fathers worked significantly longer hours; their career trajectories were typically continuous, in full-time work, while mothers had more fragmented working patterns, reflecting absences for caring and adjustments such as part-time or working from home. It is still mothers, rather than fathers, who feel responsible for childcare arrangements and this imposes time constraints on their pursuit of entrepreneurship. The study points to the need for policy interventions to encourage entrepreneurship alongside co-parenting through childcare provision/subsidies and equal treatment in access to family-related leave.

Cet article examine la façon dont les parents entrepreneurs en Irlande négocient leurs rôles au travail et au sein de leur famille, en s'appuyant sur une enquête nationale portant sur les hommes et les femmes entrepreneurs. Il établit le degré auquel l'entreprenariat facilite un partage plus équitable des tâches domestiques. Relativement peu d’études se sont à ce jour intéressées à la charge de travail familial et domestique dans le contexte de l'entreprenariat, au-delà de la sphère plus générale du monde du travail. Les résultats suggèrent que ce sont les mères (et non les pères) qui adoptent des stratégies de travail flexibles; elles prennent en charge une plus grande partie du travail domestique, et vivent leurs différents rôles, de parent et d'entrepreneur, de façon plus conflictuelle. Loin de contredire les résultats établis à partir des questions plus générales sur le genre et l'emploi, l'étude valide l'existence de fortes divergences entre les hommes et les femmes, en montrant comment celles-ci sont reproduites dans le contexte de l'entreprenariat. Les pères travaillent un nombre d'heure considérablement supérieur; leur trajectoire de carrière est en général continue, le plus souvent à plein-temps, alors que les mères fonctionnent de manière plus fragmentée, du fait des absences liées aux tâches familiales ou aux ajustements tels que le travail à temps partiel ou en télétravail. Ce sont toujours les mères, plutôt que les pères, qui sont responsables des arrangements liés aux soins des enfants, ce qui impose des contraintes de temps à leur activité entrepreneuriale. L'étude démontre la nécessité d'une intervention politique pour encourager l'entreprenariat ainsi que le partage des responsabilités entre pères et mères, à travers l'apport d'aides et de subventions à la garde d'enfant, mais aussi en promouvant un accès équitable aux congés maternels et parentaux.

Notes

1. Gender roles are defined as a set of perceived behavioral norms associated particularly with males or females, in a given social group or system, for example the division of labour in the workplace or the home by gender.

2. The sampling frame used for this survey consisted of 3498 organisations, 1230 of which were randomly drawn from the Kompass Directory and 2268 from the City and County Enterprise Boards. To give an indication of the reach of this survey, Eurostat (2006) estimates the number of entrepreneurial organisations in Ireland at the time of sending out the survey at approximately 320,000 organisations, while a figure of approximately 250,000 ‘established’ organisations for that period is suggested by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2005).

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