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Articles

Not for everyone: intra-organisational divides and the stratification of access to work–life policies

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Pages 519-537 | Received 06 Feb 2015, Accepted 28 Jul 2015, Published online: 02 Nov 2015
 

ABSTRACT

Prior research documented a number of factors pertaining to employees or to organisational cultures that can prevent employees from accessing employer-driven work–life policies (WLP). Our study focuses on factors originating in the jobs themselves. We conducted 98 in-depth employee interviews in two multinational companies based in Europe and led feedback sessions with human resources executives. Three mechanisms explained the observed stratification of access to WLP across jobs: (1) the intra-organisational digital divide prevented ‘less digital’ employees from collecting information about WLP on the intranet and thus impaired awareness of the policies; (2) the divide in worksite size prevented employees on smaller worksites from accessing childcare centres, sports or health facilities and (3) the divide in job types restricted access to WLP for specific occupations. The stratification of access to WLP was not strategically driven by human resources; rather the divides were largely unintentional. Our study uncovers inequalities of access originating in the jobs themselves and provides a theoretical integration of the various sets of factors that may promote or hinder employee awareness of WLP. Our findings suggest that organisations should strive to identify these inequalities and to provide ways to cope for these, for instance by offering other forms of support.

RÉSUMÉ

De nombreux facteurs, propres aux salariés comme aux cultures organisationnelles, peuvent empêcher les salariés d'accéder aux pratiques d'harmonisation travail – hors-travail développées par les employeurs. Cette étude porte sur les facteurs propres aux postes de travail. Sur la base de 98 entretiens approfondis avec des salariés de deux multinationales basées en Europe, et de sessions de retour d'information avec les directions des ressources humaines, nous avons identifié trois mécanismes qui expliquent la stratification de l'accès aux pratiques d'harmonisation travail – hors-travail en fonction des postes de travail : (1) la fracture numérique intra-organisationnelle empêchait les salariés ‘moins numériques’ de recueillir l'information sur les pratiques sur l'intranet et réduisait ainsi la connaissance qu'ils avaient des pratiques; (2) la fracture en termes de tailles de site privait les salariés travaillant sur des petits sites d'accéder aux crèches, centres sportifs et cliniques d'entreprise, et (3) la fracture en termes de type de postes restreignait l'accès à certaines pratiques pour les salariés de certains postes. Cette stratification n'était pas guidée par la stratégie de ressources humaines de ces multinationales; elle était au contraire tout-à-fait involontaire. Cette recherche dévoile des inégalités d'accès aux pratiques d'harmonisation travail – hors-travail ayant pour origine les postes de travail eux-mêmes, et propose une intégration théorique des différents types de facteurs qui peuvent encourager ou restreindre la connaissance et l'accès à ces pratiques. Nos résultats suggèrent que les organisations devraient s'efforcer d'identifier ces inégalités au sein de leur population salariée et de fournir des compensations aux salariés pénalisés, par exemple en proposant d'autres formes de soutien à l'articulation entre vie professionnelle et vie personnelle.

Acknowledgements

We thank Douglas T. Hall, Ellen Kossek, Burak Koyuncu, and Monique Valcour for their helpful comments on previous versions of this manuscript, and João Moura and Tarani Merriweather Woodson for their research assistance. We are also grateful for Jennifer Swanberg's editorial guidance and for anonymous reviewers’ comments.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributors

Ariane Ollier-Malaterre, Ph.D., is Professor in the School of Management of the University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Canada. Her research investigates how individuals articulate work and other life responsibilities over time and how organisations address changing career and work–family issues in different parts of the world. Her recent work has appeared in Academy of Management Review, Human Relations and Journal of Vocational Behavior and she has received the 2014 R. M. Kanter Award for Excellence in Work–Family Research for an article published in the European Management Journal.

Cláudia Andrade, Ph.D., is Professor of Social and Organizational Psychology in the College of Education, Polytechnic Institution of Coimbra and an Affiliate Researcher with the Center of Psychology, University of Porto, Portugal. Her research interests are framed by a social and organisational psychology approach and combine gender, work–family roles and division of paid and unpaid work, work and family policies in organisations, from national and international perspectives. Other projects have explored work and family reconciliation in young adults and in working-students. She is the author of articles and two books on these topics.

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