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Articles

Human beings as receivers, doers and judges. The anthropological foundations of sustainable public action in the capability approach

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Pages 502-518 | Received 18 Feb 2018, Accepted 31 Aug 2018, Published online: 21 Nov 2018
 

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we argue that the capability approach can suggest avenues to reform social policies in the direction of a more valuable and sustainable conciliation between people's different engagements in community, work and family. We thus develop a theoretical framework for assessing the extent to which social policies support the freedom to lead a valuable life and to choose how to combine in a sustainable way employment, family life and active citizenship. With this aim, we study the anthropological conception at the core of the capability approach and its implications for social policy. We argue that in the capability approach human beings are seen as receivers (i.e. vulnerable beings in need of support), doers (i.e. actors able to contribute to society) and judges (i.e. political beings with aspirations, values and desires). By the same token, the capability approach sheds light on three prerequisites for developing a sustainable community, work and family interface: a) recognizing the multiple dimensions of human beings (and not seeing them only as ‘doers’ or ‘human capital’ for the economy), b) including all human beings, with their strengths and weaknesses, and allowing them to lead valuable lives (and not excluding those that cannot abide by the ‘doer’ standards), and c) insisting that the development of such an interface is the joint responsibility of the individual and the community (and not only of the individual).

RÉSUMÉ

Cet article vise à mettre en lumière le potentiel de l’approche par les capabilités pour réformer les politiques sociales en vue de soutenir la liberté de chacun-e de mener une vie de valeur et de choisir sa propre combinaison entre l’emploi, la vie de famille et l’engagement dans la cité. A cette fin, nous mobilisons la conception de l’homme sous-jacente à l’approche par les capabilités et montrons ses implications pour les politiques sociales contemporaines. Dans cette approche, tous les êtres humains sont envisagés à la fois comme des « récepteurs passifs » (des êtres vulnérables ayant besoin de soutien et d’accompagnement), des « acteurs » (capables de contribuer utilement à la collectivité) et des « juges » (des êtres politiques avec des aspirations, valeurs et désirs propres et une capacité de les défendre). Une telle conception anthropologique permet d’identifier trois conditions à remplir pour développer une interface durable entre la cité, le travail et la famille : a) reconnaître les êtres humains dans leur pluridimensionnalité (et ne pas les voir simplement comme des « acteurs » ou comme du « capital humain » à disposition de l’économie), b) viser l’inclusion de tous les êtres humains, avec leurs forces et faiblesses, et permettre à toutes et tous de mener une vie de valeur (donc ne pas exclure ceux qui ne peuvent répondre aux exigence de l’ « acteur » et de la compétitivité économique) et c) insister sur le fait que le développement de cette interface est une responsabilité conjointe entre les individus et la société (et donc pas seulement une responsabilité individuelle).

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributors

Jean-Michel Bonvin is Professor of Socioeconomics and Sociology at the University of Geneva (Switzerland). His main fields of expertise include social and labor market policies, as well as theories of justice with a wide expertise of Amartya Sen’s capability approach. He has extensively published on these issues in leading peer-reviewed journals. He is presently project coordinator in the NCCR LIVES project ‘Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives’ funded by the Swiss National Fund and principal investigator and project leader in the Re-INVEST European project ‘Rebuilding an Inclusive, Value-based Europe of Solidarity and Trust Through Social Investments’ (H2020). He is the Director of the Centre for the study of capabilities in social and health services (CESCAP).

Francesco Laruffa is Research Fellow at the University of Geneva, where he works on the EU-funded RE-InVEST project. He is also member of the research network LIVES and of the CESCAP.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the EU Horizon 2020 Project ‘ReINVEST – Rebuilding an Inclusive, Value-Based Europe of Solidarity and Trust Through Social Investments’ under Grant 649447 and by the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research ‘LIVES – Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives’, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (No. 51NF40-160590). The information and views set out here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union and the Swiss National Science Foundation.

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