Measuring somatic symptoms with the PHQ-15: a comparative study of three Iranian samples

ABSTRACT

Somatic symptoms are among the most common presenting concerns in the primary care. The theoretical literature has proposed that Iranians may somaticize distress. The aims of the study were (a) to compare somatic symptoms among three Iranian samples, (b) to explore gender-related differences, and (c) to investigate the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15). A total of 349 Iranian participants (94 college students, 100 elderly persons, and 155 psychiatric outpatients) were recruited. Psychiatric outpatients scored higher on somatic symptoms than college students. Females in all samples scored higher than males. The measure in all samples demonstrated good internal consistency and reliability as well as moderate concurrent and discriminant validity. For each sample identified four slightly different factors, which covered gastrointestinal, pain, psycho-fatigue, cardiopulmonary, and reproductive symptoms. Implications for culturally appropriate services are discussed. This study provides evidence for the usefulness of the PHQ-15 for assessing somatic symptoms in three Iranian samples and extends existing research about the measure's factor structure.

KEYWORDS:

• Somatic symptoms
• PHQ-15
• gender
• factor structure
• culture
• Iran

Acknowledgements

We thank all subjects for their participation in the study, and the research assistants for helping in the collection of data. This paper is based on a Master of Public Health (MPH) thesis in Mental Health by the senior author. Research Ethics Committee approval of Iran University of Medical sciences authorised the permission to conduct this study.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.