Sustainability in Chinese development tourism policies

Abstract

Following the ‘Open Door’ policy of 1978 that accepted tourism as an appropriate sector for development in China for the first time since 1949, national and local governments have issued policies to promote tourism. Over the past two decades, the continuing development of tourism has occurred as China has started to move towards sustainability in its national policies. Although sustainability is often stated as the purpose of development, and tourism development strategies are regarded as more environmentally oriented than other industries, little guidance is provided to make sure that sustainability principles are followed. To examine this situation, sustainability components in the two types of tourism policies are examined, including 56 tourism development policies by the state councils and 31 provinces since the 1980s. These indicate a mixed result. While sustainability is an important component in some of these policies, the meaning of sustainability in the tourism sector is confusing and pro-business tourism development still plays a dominant role. It is suggested a pro-active sustainability approach should be integrated with environmental concerns in the future to allow tourism to participate constructively in the national transformation to a sustainable society.

Keywords:

• tourism development policy
• sustainability
• environmental issues
• China

Acknowledgement

This paper is sponsored by Chinese National Science Foundation (71203242).

Notes

1. In Mandarin the phrase ‘ecological construction’ refers to the fact that ecological restoration and conservation require various inputs, and those inputs are collectively referred to as ‘ecological construction’ with the connotation that ‘something is being done to address problems’.