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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 7, 2005 - Issue 6
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Original Articles

Bumsters, big black organs and old white gold: Embodied racial myths in sexual relationships of Gambian beach boys

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Pages 557-569 | Published online: 16 Aug 2006
 

Abstract

Sexuality is a platform upon which ideologies are enacted. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in The Gambia, this paper discusses the embodiment of racial myths about male Black bodies and Western affluence. Methods utilized included participant observation, focus group discussions and in‐depth interviews. Beach‐boys, locally called bumsters, are a common feature of the country's tourism. Societal attitudes to bumsters are ambivalent. Bumsters variously indulge in a complex web of sexual activity ranging from commercial to non‐commercial, voluntary to socially‐imposed, individual to peer‐driven, heterosexual to homosexual, casual to regular, particularly with foreign tourists. Narratives about their sexuality reveal an enactment of myths about the male Black body and superior sexual performance on one hand, and images of plundered wealth sitting in ‘the West’—a dream destination flowing with milk and honey, and physically represented by the toubab—a local label for White foreigners—on the other. This highly fantasized wealth forms the core of youth aspirations to travel abroad. Sexual activity with a toubab is the ticket out of Africa's inherent scarcity. Metaphors and idioms of unlimited virility and dynamic manhood are reinforced through sex tourism and form part of the identity of Gambian bumsters. These self‐images reinstate and reinforce racial stereotypes.

Résumé

La sexualité est une plate forme sur laquelle les idéologies sont mises en scène. A partir d'un travail ethnographique de terrain mené en Gambie, cet article examine l'incarnation des mythes raciaux sur le corps noir masculin et sur la richesse en Occident. Les méthodes utilisées comprennent de l'observation participante, des discussions en groupes‐focus et des entretiens en profondeur. Les garçons que l'on rencontre sur les plages (Beach Boys), localement appelés bumsters, sont une caractéristique courante du tourismes dans ce pays. Les attitudes sociales à leur encontre sont ambivalentes. Les bumsters se livrent diversement à un ensemble complexe d'activités sexuelles, commerciales ou non, volontaires ou imposées socialement, individuelles ou déterminées par des pairs, hétérosexuelles ou homosexuelles, non suivies ou régulières, en particulier avec les touristes étrangers. Les récits sur leur sexualité révèlent d'un côté une interprétation des mythes sur le corps noir masculin et la supériorité de ses performances sexuelles, et d'un autre côté, celle d'images de richesses pillées et retenues à «l'Ouest» ‐ une destination de rêve o[ugrave] lait et miel coulent à flot, et physiquement représentée par le toubab – une étiquette locale correspondant aux étrangers blancs. Ces richesses très fantasmatiques sont au coeur des aspirations des jeunes à se rendre à l'étranger. Des activités sexuelles avec un toubab représentent le billet d'avion pour sortir de la pénurie inhérente à l'Afrique. Les métaphores et les idiomes d'une masculinité virile et dynamique sans limites sont renforcés à travers le tourisme sexuel et constituent une partie de l'identité des bumsters gambiens. Ces images de soi raniment et renforcent les stéréotypes raciaux.

Resumen

La sexualidad es una plataforma donde se manifiestan las ideologías. A partir de un trabajo de campo etnográfico en Gambia, en este documento se analiza la personificación de mitos raciales acerca de los cuerpos de hombres negros y la opulencia de occidente. Los métodos utilizados para este análisis fueron la observación de los participantes, grupos de discusión y entrevistas exhaustivas. Los chicos de la playa, que localmente se llaman bumsters, son una característica típica del turismo del país. Las actitudes de la sociedad frente a los bumsters son ambivalentes. Bumsters dan rienda suelta a toda una serie de complejas actividades sexuales, desde relaciones comerciales a no comerciales, voluntarias a impuestas socialmente, individuales a inducidas por compañeros, heterosexuales a homosexuales, casuales a regulares, especialmente con turistas extranjeros. Los relatos sobre su sexualidad indican, por una parte, la aceptación de mitos con relación al cuerpo de hombres de color y un mejor rendimiento sexual, y por otra, las imágenes de riqueza robada en Occidente – un lugar que ofrece los placeres que todos sueñan, físicamente representado por el toubab, un mote local para nombrar a los extranjeros de raza blanca. Esta fantasía de opulencia constituye la base de las aspiraciones de los jóvenes por viajar al extranjero. Las relaciones sexuales con un toubab son el billete para abandonar la pobreza intrínseca de África. Las metáforas y jergas de la virilidad ilimitada y masculinidad dinámica son reforzadas mediante el turismo sexual y forman parte de la identidad de los bumsters gambianos. Estas imágenes sobre sí mismos restablecen y refuerzan los estereotipos raciales.

Acknowledgements

We thank the Social Science Research Council ‐USA/ Council for Development of Social Science Research in Africa, Senegal. An African Youth in a Global Age Fellowship provided additional funds for the research. An associateship from the African Gender Institute at the University of Cape Town in South Africa facilitated final analysis and revising of the paper. We are grateful to the study participants.

Notes

1. Historical transformations in the meanings associated with bumster are explored in Nyanzi and Bah (submitted).

2. Bumster is the person who bumses, the verb is bumsing rather than bumstering.

3. A government body initiated to address the dire problem of youth unemployment in the country. We collected qualitative data with enrolees, trainers, officials and graduates of the scheme.

4. The term toubab evolved from localization of the English slang ‘two bob’, the equivalence of the cash that foreigners paid their African servants in the 1960s. However, the term toubab is now sometimes extended to cover wealthy black foreigners; thereby having some social or economic class implications (CPA and Terres des Hommes 2003, UNICEF Citation2003). The two Black African female researchers in this study were frequently referred to by bumsters as suma toubab meaning ‘My toubab’, revealing the embedded diversity of meanings within the expression.

5. Analysis of how Gambian male youths relate to symbols and meanings of Rastafarianism including ‘Babylon’ are discussed in Nyanzi and Bah (submitted).

6. ‘John Bulls’ is a euphemism for male genitals. It seems to be particular to this social group.

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