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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 9, 2007 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Culture, changing livelihoods, and HIV/AIDS discourse: Reframing the institutionalization of fish‐for‐sex exchange in the Zambian Kafue Flats

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Pages 69-83 | Published online: 27 Jul 2010
 

Abstract

Discussions about the cultural dimensions of the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa persist. Drawing on data on fish‐for‐sex deals between local Ila or Tonga women and immigrant fishermen in the Zambian Kafue Flats, we argue against the notion that traditional institutions governing extra‐marital sexual relationships are responsible for the spread of HIV/AIDS. We argue that fish‐for‐sex exchanges are based not on tradition, but on the economic opportunities provided by the fish trade in conditions of poverty and changing livelihoods. Stigmatization of women involved in fish‐for‐sex deals is, however, on the increase, since they are accused of spreading the disease in their community. Women's inability to follow the sexual prescriptions conveyed by HIV prevention programmes produces shame and moral distress, associated with the fear of social exclusion. In this situation, lubambo, a former customary regulation of extramarital sexual relations among the Ila, may provide women with legitimacy for sexual transactions. Additionally, customary marriage arrangements institutionally secure their access to fish.

Résumé

Les débats sur les dimensions culturelles de l'expansion du VIH/sida en Afrique se poursuivent. En exploitant des données sur les transactions poisson‐contre‐rapports‐sexuels, entre les femmes Ila ou Tonga et les pêcheurs immigrés dans les Kafue Flats en Zambie, nous remettons en question l'approche selon laquelle les institutions traditionnelles qui régissent les rapports sexuels extra conjugaux sont responsables de l'expansion du VIH/sida. Nous soutenons que ces échanges ont pour base, non pas la tradition, mais les opportunités économiques offertes par le commerce du poisson dans un contexte de pauvreté et de changements de moyens d'existence. La stigmatisation des femmes impliquées dans les transactions poisson‐contre‐rapports‐sexuels est cependant en augmentation, puisqu'elles sont accusées de répandre la maladie dans leur communauté. Leur incapacité à suivre les recommandations des programmes de prévention du VIH en matière de sexualité a pour conséquence un sentiment de honte et de détresse, associé à la peur de l'exclusion sociale. Dans ce contexte, le lubambo, un ancien mode traditionnel de régulation des rapports sexuels extra conjugaux chez les Ila, pourrait offrir aux femmes une légitimité pour les transactions sexuelles. De plus, les mariages arrangés traditionnels institutionnalisent la garantie de leur accès au poisson.

Resumen

Aún persisten las discusiones sobre la dimensión cultural del contagio del VIH/sida en África. A partir de datos extraídos de los intercambios sexuales a cambio de pescado entre las mujeres locales de Ila o Tonga y los pescadores inmigrantes de la zona de Kafue Flats en Zambia, nos oponemos a la idea de que las instituciones tradicionales que gobiernan las relaciones sexuales extramaritales sean responsables de la propagación del VIH/sida. Argumentamos que las transacciones de pescado por sexo no se basan en tradiciones sino en las oportunidades económicas ofrecidas por el comercio pesquero en condiciones de pobreza y cambios en los medios de vida. Sin embargo, el estigma de las mujeres que participan en el intercambio de pescado por sexo es cada vez mayor y se les acusa de extender la enfermedad en su comunidad. La incapacidad de las mujeres para seguir las prescripciones sexuales que se divulgan en programas para la prevención del virus del sida produce vergüenza y ansiedad moral asociada al temor de la exclusión social. En esta situación, el lubambo, una antigua normativa de costumbres que afectan a las relaciones sexuales extramaritales entre los Ila, podría ofrecer a las mujeres legitimidad en las transacciones sexuales. Además, los acuerdos matrimoniales según la tradición aseguran de un modo institucional el acceso al pescado.

Acknowledgements

The Central Board of Health and the University of Zambia granted the research permission for this study, and we thank Chief Nalubamba for his permission to do research in Mbeza. The research has been conducted with the help of Chrispin Chikani, Makondo Chivyindi, Cosmas Holo, Veronica Kaumba, Winnie Kazoka, Deffent Shikapande from Mbeza. We also thank the local fisheries officers from Mazabuka, Monze and Namwala for their assistance (Peter Chilundika, Lisa Ntobolo, Francis Sumaili and Charles Simpito). The first author is particularly grateful to Brigit Obrist and Marcel Tanner (Swiss Tropical Institute) for their continuous support, and to Lenore Manderson (Monash University) for her comments on draft versions of this paper. The study was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Commission for Research Partnership with Developing Countries (KFPE) and the Käthe‐Zingg‐Schwichtenberg Fond.

Notes

1. Ensminger and Knight have shown how changing socio‐political, technological, demographic, and economic conditions provided the basis for the abolition of the bride‐price and clan exogamy among the Orma in Kenya. Institutional change occurred in part as a consequence of external economic change: altering relative prices increased the economic opportunities of the younger generation, strengthening their bargaining power and facilitating a change of marital institutions in their favour. Ideology was strategically used to enforce particular interests.

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