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Original Articles

Sexuality, culture and society: shifting paradigms in sexuality research

Pages 251-266 | Published online: 18 Mar 2009
 

Abstract

Over the course of the past three decades, there has been a significant increase of research on the social and cultural dimensions of sexuality. This paper reviews three major phases in the development of this work. In the first phase, work focusing on the social construction of sexual experience developed an important critique of the biomedical and sexological approaches that had dominated the field over much of the twentieth century. In the second phase, increasingly detailed studies of sexual life were developed which highlighted the cross‐cultural diversity of sexual cultures, sexual identities and sexual communities. In the most recent phase, there has been a growing recognition of the complex relationship between culture and power, and increasing attention to the political and economic dimensions of sexuality. In spite of the significant conceptual and methodological advances that have taken place over time, however, it is also possible to identify a number of important questions that have not yet been adequately addressed and that may have been precluded by some of the perspectives that have come to dominate the field. The paper ends by focusing on the silences and invisibilities that continue to characterize this field of research and the challenges that must still be confronted in seeking to expand our understanding of these issues.

Résumé

Au cours des trois dernières décennies, le nombre de recherches sur les dimensions sociales et culturelles de la sexualité a considérablement augmenté. Cet article réexamine trois phases majeures de la progression de ces travaux. Durant la première phase, les recherches ciblant la construction sociale de l'expérience sexuelle ont produit une critique importante des approches biomédicales et sexologiques qui ont dominé dans ce domaine pendant presque tout le vingtième siècle. Dans la deuxième phase, des recherches de plus en plus détaillées de la vie sexuelle ont été menées, soulignant la diversité interculturelle des cultures, des identités et des communautés sexuelles. Dans la phase la plus récente, la reconnaissance de la relation complexe entre culture et pouvoir, et l'intérêt pour les dimensions politiques et économiques de la sexualité se sont accrus. Cependant, en dépit des progrès conceptuels et méthodologiques considérables qui ont été accomplis au fil du temps, on peut également identifier un certain nombre de questions importantes qui n'ont pas encore été abordées de manière appropriée et qui pourraient avoir été écartées par certaines des perspectives devenues dominantes dans ce domaine. Cet article conclut sur les silences et les invisibilités qui continuent de caractériser ce domaine de recherche, et sur les défis auxquels nous devons encore nous confronter afin d'élargir notre compréhension de ces questions.

Resumen

Durante las últimas tres décadas ha habido un aumento importante de las investigaciones sobre los aspectos sociales y culturales de la sexualidad. En este artículo revisamos las tres fases principales del desarrollo de este trabajo. En la primera fase, el trabajó que giró en torno a la construcción social de las experiencias sexuales desarrolló una crítica importante de los planteamientos biomédicos y sexológicos que han dominado este campo en gran parte del siglo XX. En la segunda fase, se desarrollaron estudios cada vez más pormenorizados de la vida sexual que destacaron la diversidad intercultural de las culturas sexuales, las identidades sexuales y las comunidades sexuales. En la fase más reciente se ha terminado por reconocer la compleja relación entre cultura y poder y la atención creciente hacia los aspectos políticos y económicos de la sexualidad. Aunque con el paso del tiempo han habido avances conceptuales y metodológicos significativos, también se han podido identificar varias cuestiones importantes que todavía no han sido planteadas de manera suficiente y que podrían haber sido excluidas por algunas de las perspectivas que han acabado por dominar este campo. Terminamos este artículo centrándonos en los silencios e invisibilidades que siguen caracterizando este tema de investigación y los desafíos a los que todavía hay que enfrentar al intentar ampliar nuestro conocimiento de estas cuestiones.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the organisers of the VIIASSCS Conference 2007 (Lima) for their invitation to present an initial version of this essay as a plenary lecture at the Conference, and Mara Viveros and Maria Filomena Gregori for their discussant comments during the Conference. I owe a special debt to Sonra Corrêa and Rosiland Petchesky—much of the thinking that went into this paper is inseparable from work that we have been engaged in collectively for our forthcoming book, Sexuality, Health and Human Rights (London and New York: Routledge, in press). Finally, special thanks as well to Peter Aggleton and to Miguel Muñoz‐Laboy for their careful reading and editorial suggestions.

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