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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 10, 2008 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

Sharing beliefs: What sexuality means to Muslim Iranian women living in Australia

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Pages 237-248 | Published online: 23 Apr 2008
 

Abstract

In Iran, women's sexual self‐understandings are strongly determined by religious teaching. This study explores the meanings generated through the lived experience of sexuality of women residing in Australia that may challenge certain received Islamic notions of sexuality. Interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 51 Iranian women in Sydney alongside 10 semi‐structured interviews with Shi'ite clergy in Iran. Findings suggest that the concept of sexual obedience within marriage is regarded as symbolic of an idealised Muslim femininity. Sexual obedience demonstrates women's high level of religious commitment but is also an indicator of modesty and self‐respect. While some participants felt that it was a woman's duty to satisfy her husband on any sexual occasion, they did not utilize notions of subordination in their sexual lives. For other informants, however, concepts of subordination were more salient and tied to conservative religious leaders' interpretations of Quranic concepts and Iranian women's understandings of these same interpretations. Religion is an important factor influencing Iranian women's sexual self‐understandings, being relevant both to sexual education and public health. Recognition of this issue will facilitate understanding of the cultural foundations of sexuality among Muslims and assist health providers in suggesting more culturally compatible forms of healthcare.

Résumé

En Iran, les compréhensions de soi des femmes, relatives à la sexualité, sont déterminées par les enseignements religieux. Cette étude explore les significations générées par les expériences sexuelles de femmes iraniennes résidant en Australie, qui pourraient remettre en question certaines notions islamiques de la sexualité inculquées aux femmes. Des entretiens et des groupes de discussion thématique ont été menés avec 51 Iraniennes à Sydney, parallèlement à 10 entretiens semi structurés avec des membres du clergé chiite en Iran. Les résultats suggèrent que le concept «d'obéissance sexuelle» dans le mariage est considéré comme le symbole d'une féminité musulmane idéalisée.«L'obéissance ?sexuelle» démontre l'importance de l'engagement religieux des femmes, mais elle est aussi un indicateur de modestie et de respect de soi. Alors que certaines participantes considèrent qu'il est du devoir d'une femme de satisfaire son mari à chaque occasion sexuelle, elles n'évoquent pas la notion d'une subordination dans leur vie sexuelle. Cependant, chez les autres participantes, les concepts de subordination sont plus évidents et liés aux interprétations des concepts coraniques par les leaders religieux conservateurs, et des compréhensions de ces mêmes interprétations par les femmes iraniennes en général. La religion est un important facteur d'influence des compréhensions de soi des femmes en matière de sexualité, qui a sa pertinence à la fois pour l'éducation sexuelle et la santé publique. La sensibilisation à cette question facilitera la compréhension des fondements culturels de la sexualité chez les musulmans et aidera les prestataires de soins à concevoir des approches des soins plus compatibles avec ces fondements.

Resumen

En Irán el concepto que tienen las mujeres de la sexualidad está estrechamente determinada por las enseñanzas religiosas. En este estudio analizamos los significados generados por las experiencias sexuales vividas por mujeres que residen en Australia que podrían desafiar ciertas nociones islámicas recibidas sobre la sexualidad. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas y grupos de discusión con 51 mujeres iranianas en Sydney además de 10 entrevistas semiestructuradas a clérigos chiítas de Irán. Los resultados indican que el concepto de ‘obediencia sexual’ en el matrimonio se considera simbólico como el ideal de la feminidad musulmana. La obediencia sexual demuestra en las mujeres un alto compromiso religioso pero también es un indicador de modestia y autoestima. Si bien algunas participantes sentían que era el deber de una mujer satisfacer a su marido en cualquier relación sexual, no utilizaban nociones de subordinación en sus vidas sexuales. Sin embargo, para otras informantes los conceptos de subordinación eran más notables y se asociaban a interpretaciones conservadoras de conceptos del Corán por parte de líderes religiosos y cómo entendían las mujeres iranianas estas mismas interpretaciones. La religión es un factor importante que influye en cómo las mujeres iranianas entienden su propia sexualidad y es un tema relevante a la educación sexual y la salud pública. Si reconocemos este problema podremos entender las bases culturales de la sexualidad entre musulmanes y ayudar a profesionales de la salud a sugerir formas de atención sanitaria más compatibles con la cultura.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the Iranian Government for awarding a scholarship to undertake this research. I am also indebted to Maurice Eisenbruch who advised during the early phases of the study. I would also like to thank Juliet Richters for her beneficial advice on my dissertation. My greatest thanks are to the Iranian clerics and women who participated in the study for sharing intimate aspects of their lives.

Notes

1. Ali Shariati, defines Shi'ism as: ‘Shi'ism means pure Islam, Islam minus the Caliphate, pseudo Arabness and those who live in luxury. Shi'ism does not take the two principles of justice and Imamat (religious leadership) and add them to Islam—Islam without justice and Imamat is the same as the religion of Islam minus Islam. The same is true for Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Vedantism, Buddhism and Taoism.’ (Fatima is Fatim, ‘Who am I?’ Available at http://www.al‐islam.org/fatimaisfatima/4.htm, accessed 28/08/2007).

2. The Hadith refers to traditions relating to the words and needs of Prophet Mohammed. Hadith collections are regarded as important tools in determining the Muslim way of life.

3. Sahih al‐Bukhari is one of the Sunni six major Hadith collections.

4. Kafi is one of the four major Hadith of Shi'a faiths among Muslims.

5. Women who have knowledge in Islamic jurisprudence and Quranic science.

6. Persian pseudonyms are used for the women who participated in this study.

7. A well‐known Islamic leader of one of four Sunni faiths.

8. Anal intercourse.

9. Thereby confusing Iranian cultural traditions with Islamic teaching.

10. Abu Hamid al‐Ghazali (400–505 AH) (aka: al‐Ghazzali, Algazel) was one of the greatest Islamic jurists, theologians and mystics of the 12th Century. He wrote on a wide range of topics including jurisprudence, theology, mysticism and philosophy (available at: http://www.ghazali.org).

11. Abbas Mahmoud Al‐Aqqad (1889–1964) was one of the intellectual giants of the 20th century renaissance in Egypt (available at: http://culture.infomideast.com).

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