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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 12, 2010 - Issue sup1: Sexuality and Health in Vietnam—New Directions
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Original Articles

Between stigmatisation and regulation: prostitution in colonial Northern Vietnam

Pages S73-S87 | Received 30 Apr 2009, Accepted 16 Feb 2010, Published online: 01 Apr 2010
 

Abstract

Colonisation was a masculine adventure which took place in a distorted world full of ‘welcoming’ native women. The colonial encounter therefore was both racial and gendered: boundaries between European men and Vietnamese women were obvious. On the other hand the intimacy that resulted from this encounter blurred the racial boundaries that were the foundation of the colonial order. These boundaries had to be redrawn or sharpened. Focusing on French colonial northern Vietnam (Tonkin) this paper examines how the whole colonial encounter was embodied in the sexual encounter between European men and native women and how prostitution was an integral part of the colonial order. This analysis of the regulation of prostitution and its ambivalence reveals that the definition of prostitution and its treatment by the French colonial authorities was political, racial and therefore connected to a specific period. The political definition of prostitution in today's Vietnam is different from the colonial one. This shift reveals that prostitution is a pertinent vantage point from which one can study how a society apprehends itself and its own future.

Coloniser est un acte masculin qui se déroule dans un espace distordu par des stéréotypes et des fantasmes qui transforment les femmes indigènes en femmes faciles. La rencontre coloniale est donc à la fois raciale et genrée puisque la frontière entre les hommes européens et les femmes indigénes sont évidentes. Mais, parallèlement, l'intimité qui résulte de cette rencontre contribue a brouiller les frontiéres raciales qui sont au fondement de l'ordre colonial. Ces frontières doivent donc être retracées et renforcées par les autorités coloniales. Cet article se concentre sur le nord du Viêtnam (Tonkin) à l'époque colonial et entend montrer que la rencontre coloniale s'est incarnée dans la rencontre sexuelle entre les colonisateurs et les colonisées et comment la réglementation de la prostitution fait partie intégrante de la mise en place de l'ordre colonial. Cette réglementation apparaît comme ambivalente parce que la définition même de la prostitution par les autorités coloniales est politique, raciale et par conséquent étroitement liée à une période donnée. La définition actuelle de la prostitution au Viêtnam diffère de celle de l'époque coloniale. Cette évolution révèle que la prostitution, et notamment sa gestion par les autorités, est éminemment politique et son étude va bien au-delè d'une simple analyse des désirs, voire des déviances d'une société, mais cela permet d'appréhender comment une société se perçoit dans son ensemble.

La colonización fue una aventura masculina que tuvo lugar en un mundo distorsionado que estaba abarrotado de mujeres nativas ‘acogedoras’. Por ende, el encuentro colonial fue tanto racial como de género: las fronteras entre hombres europeos y mujeres vietnamitas eran obvias. Por otra parte, la intimidad que surgió de este encuentro difuminó las fronteras raciales que fueron la base del orden colonial. Estas fronteras tuvieron que ser rediseñadas o intensificadas. Centrándonos en la zona norte colonial francesa de Vietnam (Tonkin), en este artículo analizamos cómo se personificó todo el encuentro colonial en el encuentro sexual entre hombres europeos y mujeres nativas y de qué modo la prostitución representó una parte integral del orden colonial. Este análisis sobre la regulación de la prostitución y su ambivalencia pone de manifiesto que la definición de prostitución y su tratamiento por las autoridades coloniales francesas fueron políticos, raciales y, por tanto, conectados a un periodo específico. La definición política de la prostitución en el Vietnam de hoy día es diferente a la que había en el colonialismo. Este cambio demuestra que la prostituciín es un punto de observación pertinente desde el que podemos estudiar cómo una sociedad se percibe a sí misma y a su propio futuro.

Notes

 1. This paper mostly focuses on Tonkin and especially Hanoi because there are more archives about Tonkin than Cochinchina (south Vietnam) and they are in a better state. Secondly, due to the close proximity of China, there were two or three times more French soldiers in Tonkin than in Cochinchina, with the presence of prostitutes being related to the presence of soldiers (Tracol Citation2005). Being the capital of Tonkin and of Indochina, Hanoi was also home to many ex-patriot civil servants. In short it was a city with a lot of colonisers.

 2. The colonisers were of course mostly French; but there also were also people from other European countries, especially in the colonial army (Italians, Germans etc.). This is the reason why I use ‘European people’ as a synonym for ‘colonisers’.

 4. Pun with a sexual innuendo meaning, literally, ‘put her to bed’.

 3. All French quotations are translated into English for the sake of clarity.

 5. Private collection of Nguy;˜n Tâ´n Lc.

 6.Congaï’ is the French translation of the Vietnamese ‘con gái’ which means ‘girl’. The meaning of this word evolved during the colonial period.

 7. Private collection of Nguyo;õn Tâ´n Lc.

 8. Mairie de Hanoi D638 2592 Rapport sur le fonctionnement du service de contrôle médical et de réglementation de la prostitution surveillée à Hanoi (1935); Vietnamese National Archives, Centre no. 1, Hanoi, Vietnam (VNA1).

 9. See, for example, RST 1988 Mesures prises relatives à la prostitution à Hongay 1900–1902; VNA1.

10. Regulation Act of the Résident Supérieur of Tonkin, 3 February 1921, article 34.

11. RSTNF 00746 Prostitution pièces de principe (1938–1940); Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer, Aix-en-Provence, France (CAOM).

12. RSTNF 03856 Prophylaxie des maladies vénériennes (1917–1940); CAOM.

13. Of course most of the brothels did not have this authorisation and were therefore clandestine.

14. Unlike soliciting and procuring.

15. See, for example, GGI C7770 Circulaire sur les inconvénients de la cohabitation des fonctionnaires et des femmes indigènes 1897–1901; CAOM.

16. See, for example, Mairie de Hanoi S03 5757 – Rapports mensuels sur le fonctionnement du service municipal d'hygiène de Hanoi (1931); VNA1.

17. During the Indochinese War (1946–1954), troops came from the whole of the French Empire to defend Vietnam. Several regiments of tirailleurs came from Africa (Bodin Citation1997).

18. D638 2579 Prostitution clandestine (1895–1938); VNA1.

19. 10H 3675 BMC; Service Historique de la Défense, Paris, France (SHD).

20. 10H 3140 BMC contrôle, recrutement; SHD.

21. The official currency of French Indochina was the piastre.

22. RST 4829 Réglementation sur la prostitution à Viétri 1902–1904); VNA1.

23. RST 1992 Réglementation de la prostitution dans les centres urbains de Viétri 1910; VNA1.

24. Valachie was part of medieval Romania. The word ‘Valaque’ was used to describe European prostitutes who were supposed to come from Eastern Europe. In other words they were European, White women, but not as European or as White as the ‘real’ European women from Western Europe. Real European women, meaning French, English and so on, could not be officially prostitutes.

25. See RST 1985 Réglementation des femmes dites «valaques» dans la ville de Hanoi 1906–1910; VNA1.

27. Journal officiel de l'Indochine française, 1893.

26. Regulation Act of the Résident Supérieur of Tonkin, 3 February 1921, article 1.

28. RST 80983 Arrêtés des Résuper au Tonkin régissant les maisons de tolérance 1901; VNA1.

29. RSTNF 03987 Réglementation de la prostitution, problème des chanteuses et demande de création de maisons de tolérance (1920–1938); CAOM.

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