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Article

‘What mother wouldn't want to save her baby?’ HIV testing and counselling practices in a rural Ugandan antenatal clinic

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Pages S553-S566 | Received 25 Jun 2012, Accepted 10 Dec 2012, Published online: 28 Jan 2013
 

Abstract

Drawing on an exploratory qualitative case study investigating everyday practices within an antenatal clinic in rural Uganda, this paper investigates the dynamics of consent and counselling within a prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programme, from the perspectives of various health professionals involved at different stages of the PMTCT trajectory. The paper contributes to the existing literature by focusing not on clients' views but, rather, by elucidating how different cadres of health workers view and practice the human rights principles of informed consent and opting out, that are reflected in Uganda's HIV testing policies. By investigating the roles and responsibilities of community counsellors, post-test counsellors, and midwives, we illustrate how the practice of counselling in PMTCT is influenced by two hegemonic discourses: the health of a child should be protected, and the health worker knows best. As a result, a directive form of counselling in PMTCT settings, with its focus on the health of the baby, silences women's right to opt out of HIV tests.

A partir de un estudio exploratorio y cualitativo de casos en el que se analizan las prácticas diarias de una clínica prenatal en una zona rural de Uganda, en este artículo se investigan las dinámicas de consentimiento y asesoramiento en el marco de un programa de prevención de la transmisión de madre a hijo (PTMH), teniendo en cuenta los puntos de vista de varios profesionales de la salud que participaron en las diferentes fases de la trayectoria de la PTMH. Este artículo contribuye a la bibliografía existente al prestar atención no a las opiniones de las clientes sino más bien al explicar el modo en que entienden y practican los trabajadores sanitarios los principios de derechos humanos del consentimiento informado y la exclusión voluntaria, que se ven reflejados en las reglas para la prueba del sida en Uganda. Al investigar los cargos y las responsabilidades de los asesores de la comunidad, los asesores tras la prueba y las comadronas, ilustramos cómo la práctica de asesoramiento en la PTMH está influenciada por dos discursos hegemónicos: se debe proteger la salud del niño y el trabajador sanitario lo sabe mejor. Por consiguiente, una forma autoritaria de asesoramiento en los entornos de la PTMH, cuyo tema central es la salud del bebé, silencia el derecho de las mujeres a la posibilidad de no hacerse la prueba del sida.

En s'appuyant sur une étude de cas qualitative qui a enquêté sur les pratiques quotidiennes dans un centre de soins prénatals situé dans des zones rurales de l'Ouganda, cet article examine la dynamique du consentement et du conseil dans un programme de prévention de la transmission de la mère à l'enfant (PTME) à partir des points de vue des divers acteurs de santé s'impliquant aux différentes étapes de la PTME. L'article contribue à la littérature existante en se concentrant non pas sur les points de vue des patients mais plutôt en déterminant comment différents professionnels de santé perçoivent et appliquent les principes de droits humains que sont le consentement informé et l'option de refus du dépistage, reflétés par les politiques de dépistage du VIH en Ouganda. En explorant les rôles et les responsabilités des conseillers communautaires, des conseillers post-dépistage et des sages-femmes, nous montrons comment la pratique du conseil dans le cadre de la PTME subit l'influence de deux discours hégémoniques : la santé d'un enfant doit être protégée, et le professionnel de santé est celui qui sait le mieux. Il en résulte qu'une approche directive du conseil, utilisée dans les unités de PTME et centrée sur la santé du bébé, a un effet réducteur sur le droit des femmes à l'option de refus du dépistage du VIH.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Eileen Moyer, Rijk van Dijk, Marian Burchardt and the anonymous reviewers for commenting on earlier drafts of this paper. We thank Zoe Goldstein and Christopher Pell for their editorial assistance and John Kinsman for his technical support.

Notes

1. The terminology of PMTCT has been subject to ongoing debate. Some have argued in favour of the term ‘parent-to-child transmission’ (PTCT) in order to pay attention to the role of the father in preventing HIV transmission to the unborn child. Recently, the more neutral medical term ‘vertical transmission’ seems to be given preference. In this article we will speak of PMTCT because at the time of this study (2008) this was the generally used term.

2. The district and name of the health centre will not be mentioned to safeguard the privacy of the site and people involved.

3. Uganda is currently revising its PMTCT policy, which will replace the 2006 guidelines.

4. At the time of data collection, the regimen used for PMTCT was a single dose of NVP to be taken by the mother at the onset of labour and a single dose of NVP in the form of a syrup to be given to the baby within 72 hours of birth. Because of its limited effectiveness, the use of NVP in PMTCT is being phased out, though in many resource-poor settings it is still the only option available.

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