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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 15, 2013 - Issue 5
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Article

Management of non-marital fertility in two South African communities

, &
Pages 614-628 | Received 05 Oct 2012, Accepted 14 Feb 2013, Published online: 22 Apr 2013
 

Abstract

In this analysis, we draw on qualitative data to examine the management of non-marital fertility among young women in two rural, Black communities situated in different provinces of South Africa: KwaZulu–Natal and Mpumalanga. While the two communities share a history of economic and social disadvantage and limited access to the labour market, there are, nonetheless, distinctive features that are evident in the management of non-marital fertility. We show that young women in both communities aspire to an ideal ordering of events that places finishing education before getting married and having children, but this is not easily attained. However, there are important differences in the ways young women and their families respond to union formation and childbearing that often occurs outside of a recognised union. In Hlabisa, KwaZulu–Natal, formal processes for legitimising non-marital pregnancies through union recognition are still in place whereas, in Agincourt, Mpumalanga, more emphasis is placed on securing support and paternal recognition for the child rather than on cementing the union between the young woman and her partner. We also find that the older generation in Agincourt at times views education as a threat to marriage while this is not common in Hlabisa. Our findings have important implications for intervention programmes that often treat Black communities as homogeneous wholes.

Los autores del presente artículo se apoyan en datos cualitativos para analizar el manejo de la fertilidad extramatrimonial en mujeres jóvenes de dos comunidades negras del ámbito rural en distintas provincias de Sudáfrica: KwaZulu-Natal y Mpumalanga. Si bien ambas comunidades comparten una historia económica y social de desventaja, así como de acceso restringido al mercado laboral, se constatan rasgos distintivos en lo que respecta al manejo de la fertilidad no blanca. Los autores demuestran que las mujeres jóvenes aspiran a vivir una secuencia de eventos ideal, segu´n la cual antes de casarse terminan sus estudios y luego tienen hijos. Sin embargo, esto no es fácil. Cabe señalar que existen diferencias importantes en cuanto a la manera en que las jóvenes y sus familias responden a la formación de uniones y al embarazo. Frecuentemente, éste ocurre fuera de una unión reconocida. En Hlabisa, todavía se llevan a cabo procesos formales para legitimar los embarazos fuera del matrimonio, a través del reconocimiento de las uniones; en cambio, en Agincourt, se pone más atención en asegurar la manutención y el reconocimiento paterno del bebé que en formalizar la unión entre la joven y su pareja. Los autores encontraron que a nivel de la generación mayor de Agincourt, a veces existe la creencia de que la educación representa una amenaza para el matrimonio, idea que resulta poco común en Hlabisa. Las conclusiones del presente estudio conllevan importantes implicaciones en los programas de intervención, los cuales a menudo tratan a las comunidades negras como si fueran homogéneas.

Dans cette étude, nous exploitons des données qualitatives afin d'examiner la gestion de la fertilité non conjugale parmi les jeunes femmes issues de deux communautés noires et rurales situées dans les provinces sud-africaines du Kwazulu-Natal et du Mpumalanga. Alors que ces deux communautés ont en commun une histoire de précarité économique et sociale, ainsi qu'un accès limité au marché du travail, elles possèdent néanmoins des caractéristiques qui les distinguent l'une de l'autre et s'avèrent évidents en ce qui concerne la gestion de la fertilité non conjugale. Nous démontrons que dans les deux communautés, les jeunes femmes aspirent à un classement idéal d'événements dans lequel les études menées jusqu'à leur terme devancent le mariage et les enfants, bien qu'elles n'atteignent pas facilement cet objectif. Il existe cependant des différences importantes dans la manière dont les jeunes femmes et leurs familles répondent à la formation d'une union et à la procréation, survenant souvent en dehors du cadre de l'union reconnue. À Hlabisa, les processus formels de légitimation des grossesses non conjugales à travers la reconnaissance de ces unions sont toujours en place; alors qu'à Agincourt, l'accent est mis sur la sécurisation du soutien à l'enfant et sur sa reconnaissance paternelle plutôt que sur la consolidation de l'union entre la jeune femme et son partenaire. Nous avons également découvert qu'à Agincourt, la génération la plus âgée perçoit quelquefois l'éducation comme une menace pour le mariage, ce qui n'est pas fréquent à Hlabisa. Nos résultats ont des implications pour les programmes d'interventions qui, souvent, approchent les communautés noires comme des ensembles homogènes.

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge comments from Daniel Smith and participants in a Workshop on Marriage Patterns, Union Stability, and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, San Francisco, CA, May 1–2, 2012. Funding for data collection was provided by the National Science Foundation (BCS–0109916), the National Institute on Aging Partnership for Social Science AIDS Research in South Africa's Era of ART Rollout (R24AG032112), The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, USA (2009–4069), the Wellcome Trust, UK (085477/Z/08/Z), a Sherri Aversa Memorial Foundation Dissertation Completion Grant (awarded to the third author), a Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grant to the University of Colorado Population Center (R24HD066613) and the Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University (R24HD041020). Research support for the KwaZulu-Natal portion of the study comes from R01 HD41721 and the Wellcome Trust via the Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu–Natal.

Notes

1. We use the term non-marital here instead of pre-marital to describe current demographic trends in South Africa, where marriage rates are low and continue to decline and where early fertility generally happens outside of marriage.

2. It is now well documented that the 2003 South African Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS) is fraught with data problems that have resulted in unreliable estimates of fertility therefore, we have chosen to reference the 1998 SADHS.

3. Conventional race categories that are used in most large-scale data collection include Black, White, Coloured and Indian.

4. The Agincourt sub-district has a large Mozambican population as a result of the civil war in Mozambique in the 1980s, followed up by economic migrants. As a result xiTsonga has become the dominant language in the area.

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