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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 17, 2015 - Issue 2
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Articles

Women’s perspectives on marriage and rights in Morocco: risk factors for forced and early marriage in the Marrakech region

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Pages 135-149 | Received 04 Oct 2013, Accepted 09 Sep 2014, Published online: 09 Oct 2014
 

Abstract

Despite the introduction of the new Family Law, or Moudawana, in Morocco, effectively raising the minimum age for marriage, the number of girls being forced into wedlock is rising. This increase has been a source of concern from a women’s rights perspective. The present study explored women’s experiences and perspectives in relation to factors that contribute to the occurrence of child and forced marriage in Morocco. Using a participatory approach, focus-group discussions and in-depth interviews were held with women in both urban and rural settings in the greater Marrakech region. Overall, 125 women, between 18 and 69 years of age, participated in the study. Our findings highlight the need for more open dialogue between (grand)parents and children. Overall, the Moudawana is perceived as a considerable step forward for women’s rights, yet study findings show that current policy provisions are not effective in abolishing forced marriages. Findings point to the need for a redefinition of the role of organisations, women’s associations and other groups, with the recommendation that they focus their future efforts on awareness-raising among older generations and refrain from directly intervening in cases of forced marriage. Sensitisation efforts, including the use of popular media, are crucial to reach members of this older population group, where illiteracy remains widespread.

Pese a la introducción de la nueva Ley Familiar o Moudawana en Marruecos, que ha elevado la edad mínima para casarse, sigue aumentando el número de chicas obligadas a contraer matrimonio. Desde la perspectiva de los derechos de la mujer, este aumento ha sido motivo de preocupación. En este trabajo analizamos las experiencias y perspectivas de las mujeres con relación a los factores que contribuyen al matrimonio forzado infantil en Marruecos. A partir de un enfoque participativo, se organizaron charlas en grupo y entrevistas exhaustivas con mujeres tanto en entornos urbanos como rurales en la región de Marrakech. En total participaron 125 mujeres entre 18 y 69 años en este estudio. Nuestros resultados ponen de relieve que es necesario un diálogo más abierto entre los padres, los abuelos y los hijos. En general, el Moudawana se considera un importante paso adelante para los derechos de las mujeres, sin embargo, los resultados del estudio indican que las actuales disposiciones políticas no son eficaces a la hora de abolir los matrimonios forzados. Nuestros hallazgos señalan que es necesaria una redefinición del papel que desempeñan las organizaciones, las asociaciones de mujeres y otros grupos, y recomendamos que en el futuro enfoquen sus esfuerzos en acciones de concienciación para generaciones mayores y no intervengan directamente en los casos de matrimonios forzados. Las campañas de sensibilización, que podrían incluir el uso de medios populares, son fundamentales para llegar a los miembros de este grupo de población más mayor donde el analfabetismo está muy extendido.

Malgré l'introduction de la nouvelle loi sur la famille, ou Moudawana, au Maroc, qui relève l'âge légal du mariage, le nombre de filles forcées à se marier est en augmentation. Du point de vue des droits des femmes, cette augmentation est préoccupante. La présente étude explore les expériences et les perspectives des femmes, relativement aux facteurs qui contribuent à la prévalence des mariages d'enfants et des mariages forcés au Maroc. Basés sur une approche participative, des groupes de discussion thématique ont été conduits avec des femmes dans des environnements urbains et ruraux de l'agglomération de Marrakech. Au total, 125 femmes âgées de 18 à 69 ans ont participé à l'étude. Nos résultats mettent l'accent sur la nécessité d'un dialogue plus ouvert entre (grands)parents et enfants. Globalement, la Moudawana est perçue comme un progrès considérable pour les droits des femmes, pourtant, les résultats de l'étude montrent que les dispositions actuelles de la loi ne sont pas efficaces en ce qui concerne l'abolition du mariage forcé. Ils soulignent la nécessité de redéfinir le rôle des organisations, des associations de femmes et d'autres groupes, avec pour recommandation que celles-ci se concentrent sur leurs futures campagnes de sensibilisation parmi les générations les plus âgées et se retiennent d'intervenir diréectement dans les cas de mariage forcé. Les campagnes de sensibilisation qui incluent le recours aux médias populaires sont essentielles pour atteindre les personnes dans ce groupe de population plus âgé dans lequel l'analphabétisme reste répandu.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank all participants for their valuable time and input. We are also very grateful to all who reviewed this paper, especially A. La Velle, and we thank Prof. Benradi at the Université Mohammed V in Rabat for her assistance.

Notes

 1. The Moudawana came into force on February 5, 2004.

 2. Article 19 Moudawana (Global Rights Citation2005). For boys, the age limit to enter into marriage was always set at 18 years.

 3. Article 20 Moudawana (Global Rights Citation2005).

 4. In 2010, the approval rate was 92.2% (Elamri Citation2012).

 5. Requests for underage boys to marry comprise only a tiny fraction of the total. In 2007, this category represented 0.98% of all official requests (CitationPortail Juridique du Ministère de la Justice).

 6. Article 16(2) UDHR.

 7. Article 1 CRC (1989). Morocco ratified CRC in 1993.

 8. Article 16(2) CEDAW (1979). Morocco ratified CEDAW in 1993.

 9. Evaluations of this method show that the quality and quantity of communication between the generations improved significantly (GTZ Citation2005). This study did not include an evaluation of the Intergenerational Dialogue approach. However, research data from the focus groups provide a basis for comparison between focus groups where the method was applied and those comprising only one age category.

10. All older women in this group were illiterate.

11. Articles 490–491 Code Pénal 1962 and articles 449–458 Code Pénal.

12. The following resources provide more information about this incident: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17379721; http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/11/22/moroccan-teen-marriedtoherrapistcommitssuicide.html

13. Articles 490–491 Code Pénal 1962.

Additional information

Funding

We are grateful to the Flemish Interuniversity Council (VLIR) for funding this research [VLADOC grant 2009-04].

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