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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 17, 2015 - Issue 8
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Articles

How do community-based HIV prevention programmes for men who have sex with men ‘travel’? Lessons from the Ukwazana/Zwakalani journey in South Africa

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Pages 977-989 | Received 30 May 2014, Accepted 10 Feb 2015, Published online: 10 Mar 2015
 

Abstract

Research reveals how homophobia and stigma link closely to HIV among men who have sex with men in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper considers the varying impact of homophobic stigma on HIV prevention programmes among men who have sex with men in South Africa. It explores how a community-based HIV prevention programme based in the peri-urban townships of Cape Town was ‘translated’ to peri-urban Johannesburg. Drawing on interviews with volunteers and programme facilitators in Johannesburg, it argues that an altered homophobic environment to that found in Cape Town gave different opportunities to engage both with other men who have sex with men and the broader community. It also argues that programme facilitators should be mindful of how varying degrees of homophobic stigma may relate to broader theoretical debates about sexual binary relationships, which can help us understand why particular programmes choose to focus on certain activities rather than others.

Ciertas investigaciones llevadas a cabo en el África subsahariana han revelado que el estigma homofóbico se vincula estrechamente con la transmisión del vih entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (hsh). El presente artículo examina el impacto diferenciado que dicho estigma tiene en los programas de prevención del vih entre hsh de Sudáfrica. Asimismo, analiza el traslado de un programa comunitario de prevención del vih ejecutado en los municipios del área metropolitana de Ciudad del Cabo a la zona urbana de Johannesburgo. A partir de las entrevistas realizadas a voluntarios y a facilitadores del programa en esta ciudad, el artículo concluye que el entorno homofóbico presente en Johannesburgo, distinto al que se encuentra en Ciudad del Cabo, permitió que surgieran distintas oportunidades para involucrar a otros hsh y a la comunidad en general. Sostiene, además, que los facilitadores del programa deben prestar atención a los distintos matices con que se presenta el estigma homofóbico, ya que estos podrían vincularse con debates teóricos más amplios en torno a las relaciones sexuales binarias, los cuales pueden llevar a comprender las razones por las cuales ciertos programas se centran en algunas actividades y no en otras.

La recherche a révélé comment le stigma homophobe est étroitement lié au VIH chez les hommes qui ont des rapports avec des hommes en Afrique subsaharienne. Cet article se penche sur les incidences variables de l'impact du stigma homophobe sur les programmes de prévention du VIH qui ciblent les hommes qui ont des rapports avec des hommes en Afrique du Sud. Il examine comment un programme de prévention du VIH à assise communautaire basé dans les townships préurbains de la ville du Cap a été « traduit » pour la zone préurbaine de Johannesburg. En se basant sur des entretiens conduits avec des volontaires et des animateurs du programme à Johannesburg, l'article soutient qu'un environnement homophobe différent de celui du Cap a offert des opportunités de collaboration à la fois avec d'autres hommes qui ont des rapports avec des hommes et avec la communauté en général. Il soutient aussi que les animateurs du programme doivent être conscients de la façon dont divers degrés de stigma homophobe peuvent se rapporter à des débats théoriques plus larges sur les relations sexuelles binaires, qui peuvent nous aider à comprendre pourquoi certains programmes décident de se concentrer sur des activités spécifiques plutôt que sur d'autres.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1. The term ‘homophobic stigma’ is deployed in the text to encompass negative and discriminatory behaviors (including verbal abuse, physical abuse, the threat of such abuse) enacted against individuals marked as non-heteronormative by heteronormative majorities (Neilands et al. Citation2008; Tucker et al. Citation2014).

2. This is not to discount other potential influences. For example factors noted as influencing the degree of ambassador participation in Cape Town (e.g. volunteer training on bonding social capital) were not such an issue for Zwakalani interviewees.

3. isiXhosa for ‘bringing people together’.

4. isiZulu for ‘bringing people together’.

5. Cape Town's remaining languages are English (28%) and Afrikaans (35%).

6. Several influential African National Congress apartheid-era political activists who were openly gay also came from Soweto, including Simon Nkoli.

7. This is not to negate the fact that Ukwazana's ambassadors also found ways to critically engage and challenge homophobic stigma in original ways (Tucker, de Swardt et al. Citation2013).

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