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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 17, 2015 - Issue 8
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Articles

Men’s moralising discourses on gender and HIV risk in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

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Pages 1035-1048 | Received 29 Aug 2014, Accepted 07 Mar 2015, Published online: 23 Apr 2015
 

Abstract

Various interventions have resulted in increased rates of HIV testing. However, encouraging men to acknowledge their risk for HIV, to test and link to treatment remains a challenge. In this study, we examine men’s perspectives on navigating HIV risk in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Qualitative interviews were conducted at four intervals over a three-year time period with a baseline cohort of 126 men and women. We found that men navigated HIV risk in their sexual relationships mainly by monitoring their partner’s behaviour. Men expressed concerns about female respectability, invoking discourses on hlonipha rooted in Zulu cultural ideals and Christian ideals about women staying close to home. In the post-apartheid era, these concerns were inflected by anxieties over changing gender norms and the high rates and risks of infection in the region. HIV prevention discourses on behaviour intersected with men’s efforts to assert their masculinity through the monitoring and controlling of women’s behaviour. The potential negative impacts of this should be addressed. Prevention efforts need to focus on men’s vulnerability to infection in terms of their own behaviour as well as the contexts in which they live.

Varias intervenciones realizadas en el ámbito de la salud han tenido como resultado la elevación de la tasa de aplicación de pruebas de vih. A pesar de ello, continúa siendo difícil que los hombres reconozcan que corren el riesgo de infectarse con el vih, así como alentarlos a aplicarse las pruebas pertinentes y a someterse a tratamientos en este sentido. En el presente estudio, las autoras examinan las opiniones expresadas por los hombres en torno a cómo enfrentan el riesgo del vih en la región rural de KwaZulu-Natal de Sudáfrica. Durante cuatro intervalos de tiempo espaciados a lo largo de tres años, se aplicaron entrevistas cualitativas a una cohorte inicial de 126 hombres y mujeres, encontrándose que la forma en que los hombres enfrentan el riesgo de contraer el vih en sus relaciones sexuales es a través del ejercicio de vigilancia sobre el comportamiento de su pareja. En este sentido, los hombres manifestaron su preocupación por la respetabilidad de las mujeres, invocando discursos relacionados con el hlonipha, concepto arraigado en los ideales zulúes y cristianos, que alude a la creencia de que las mujeres no deben alejarse de su casa. Por otra parte, en esta era post apartheid, tales opiniones se vieron matizadas con expresiones de ansiedad vinculadas a las cambiantes normas de género, a la elevada tasa de infección y al riesgo de contraer la misma encontradas en la región. Los discursos en torno a la prevención del vih basados en el comportamiento encontraron eco en la actitud mostrada por los hombres a la hora de afirmar su masculinidad, lográndolo mediante el ejercicio de vigilancia y control del comportamiento de la mujer. Ello lleva a concluir que deben ser atendidos los posibles impactos negativos de dicha actitud y que las acciones de prevención deben centrarse en la vulnerabilidad de los hombres a infectarse con el vih debido a su propio comportamiento y a los contextos en que viven.

Diverses interventions pour la prévention du VIH ont eu pour conséquence une augmentation du recours au dépistage du VIH. Néanmoins, sensibiliser les hommes à leur propre risque pour le VIH, au dépistage et à la possibilité de recevoir un traitement reste une difficulté. Dans cette étude, nous examinons les points de vue des hommes sur la gestion du risque lié au VIH dans les zones rurales du Kwazulu-Natal, en Afrique du Sud. Des entretiens qualitatifs ont été conduits à quatre reprises pendant plus de trois ans parmi une cohorte composée de 126 hommes et femmes en début d'étude. Ces travaux révèlent que c'est principalement en surveillant les comportements de leurs partenaires que les hommes gèrent le risque lié au VIH dans leurs relations sexuelles. Les hommes se sont dits préoccupés par la respectabilité féminine en invoquant le hlonipha – notion de respect ancrée dans les idéaux culturels zoulous et les idéaux chrétiens – en ce qui concerne les femmes demeurant près du foyer. À l'ère post-apartheid, ces préoccupations sont la conséquence d'angoisses concernant les modifications des normes de genre, les taux élevés d'infection à VIH et le risque majeur de contracter le VIH dans la région. Les discours de la prévention du VIH focalisés sur les comportements recoupent les efforts que font les hommes pour affirmer leur masculinité en surveillant et en contrôlant les comportements des femmes. L'impact potentiellement négatif de cette situation doit être abordé. La prévention doit se concentrer sur la vulnérabilité des hommes à l'infection par le VIH, relativement à leurs propres comportements et aux contextes dans lesquels ils vivent.

Acknowledgements

We thank the communities that partnered with us in conducting this research, and all study participants for their contributions. We also thank study staff and volunteers for their work and dedication. In particular, we thank Admire Chirowodza for his contribution in the early phases of developing this paper. We thank three anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and helpful comments that informed revisions to our article. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of sponsoring agencies.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1. The term ‘single’ designates individuals who at the time of the interview were not married and were not in a relationship lasting longer than three months, while ‘coupled’ designates individuals who were married or in a primary relationship for three months or longer.

2. Fictional names have been assigned to participants to distinguish quotations.

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by the US National Institute of Mental Health as a cooperative agreement, through contracts U01MH066687 (Johns Hopkins University – David Celentano, PI); U01MH066688 (Medical University of South Carolina – Michael Sweat, PI); U01MH066701 (University of California, Los Angeles – Thomas J. Coates, PI); and U01MH066702 (University of California, San Francisco – Stephen F. Morin, PI). In addition, this work was supported as HPTN Protocol 043 through contracts U01AI068613/UM1AI068613 (HPTN Network Laboratory – Susan Eshleman, PI); U01AI068617/UM1AI068617 (SCHARP – Deborah Donnell, PI); and U01AI068619/UM1AI068619 (HIV Prevention Trials Network – Sten Vermund/Wafaa El-Sadr, PIs) of the Division of AIDS of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; and by the Office of AIDS Research of the US National Institutes of Health.

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