Publication Cover
Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 18, 2016 - Issue 2
679
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

(Not) getting political: indigenous women and preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in West Papua

&
Pages 156-170 | Received 23 Jan 2015, Accepted 05 Jul 2015, Published online: 25 Aug 2015
 

Abstract

This paper builds on critiques that call for a more nuanced and contextualised understanding of conditions that affect HIV prevention by looking at West Papuan women’s experiences of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services. Drawing on qualitative, ethnographic research with indigenous women and health workers, the paper demonstrates that women experience poor-quality HIV education and counselling, and that indigenous practices and concerns are largely not addressed by HIV services. We attribute this to a combination of national anti-indigenous and anti-separatist political concerns with donor-led interventions that result in limited localisation and reduced effectiveness of HIV prevention measures. In West Papua, services are needed that enhance cooperation and shared commitment, and that acknowledge and work to overcome existing inequalities, ethnic tensions and discrimination in the health system. Beyond Indonesia, donor-led HIV programmes and interventions need to balance avoidance of politically sensitive issues with complicity in perpetuating health inequalities. Translating global health interventions and donor priorities into locally compelling HIV prevention activities involves more than navigating local cultural and religious beliefs. Programme development and implementation strategies that entail confronting structural questions as well as social hierarchies, cleavages and silences are needed to render more effective services; strategies that are inherently political.

Résumé

Cet article s’appuie sur les critiques qui appellent à une explication plus nuancée et contextualisée des conditions préjudiciables à la prévention du VIH, prenant en compte l’expérience des services de prévention de la transmission du VIH de la mère à l’enfant (PTME) vécue par les femmes en Papouasie occidentale. En exploitant une recherche ethnographique qualitative conduite parmi des femmes et des professionnels de santé autochtones, il démontre que ces femmes reçoivent une éducation et des conseils de qualité médiocre et que les pratiques et les préoccupations des personnes autochtones sont largement ignorées par les services de soin du VIH. Nous attribuons cet état de choses à une combinaison d’opinions nationales anti-autochtones et anti-séparatistes et d’interventions des bailleurs de fonds qui a pour conséquences une localisation limitée et une moindre efficacité des mesures de prévention du VIH. En Papouasie occidentale, il est nécessaire de mettre en place des services qui renforcent la coopération et l’engagement partagé, et reconnaissent et surmontent les inégalités existantes, les tensions interethniques et les discriminations dans le système de santé. Au-delà de l’Indonésie, les programmes et les interventions de lutte contre le VIH conduites par les bailleurs de fonds doivent trouver un équilibre entre l’évitement des questions sensibles et une certaine complicité avec la perpétuation des inégalités en matière de santé. Nous suggérons que la traduction des interventions en santé au plan mondial et des priorités des bailleurs de fonds en activités de prévention du VIH, indispensables au plan local, implique plus que la maîtrise des croyances culturelles et religieuses. Des stratégies d’élaboration et de mise en place des programmes imposant de faire face aux questions structurelles ainsi qu’aux hiérarchies, aux clivages et aux silences sociaux sont nécessaires à l’amélioration des services ; des stratégies qui sont intrinsèquement politiques.

Resumen

A partir de las voces críticas que exigen comprender de forma más exhaustiva y contextualizada las circunstancias que afectan a la prevención del VIH, en este artículo analizamos las experiencias de mujeres de Papúa Occidental en lo que respecta a los servicios de prevención de la transmisión de madre a hijo (PTMH). Basándonos en un estudio cualitativo y etnográfico con mujeres indígenas y trabajadores sanitarios, demostramos que las mujeres reciben una formación y asesoramiento deficientes sobre el virus del sida y que los servicios de VIH no se ocupan casi nada de las prácticas y preocupaciones de los indígenas. Pensamos que esto se debe a una combinación de preocupaciones políticas antiindígenas y antiseparatistas nacionales con programas dirigidos por donantes que se traduce en una adaptación local limitada y una menor eficacia de las medidas de prevención del VIH. En Papúa Occidental son necesarios servicios que mejoren la cooperación y el compromiso compartido, y reconozcan y trabajen para superar las desigualdades existentes, las tensiones étnicas y la discriminación en el sistema sanitario. Más allá de Indonesia, los programas y las medidas de prevención del VIH dirigidos por donantes deben hallar un equilibrio entre evitar cuestiones políticamente sensibles y ser cómplices de perpetuar las desigualdades sanitarias. Sugerimos que para que los programas de salud internacionales y las prioridades de los donantes se traduzcan en actividades localmente convincentes para la prevención del VIH, se necesita mucho más que navegar por las creencias culturales y religiosas de ámbito local. Es necesario crear estrategias para elaborar y aplicar programas que contengan cuestiones estructurales de confrontación así como jerarquías sociales, divisiones y silencios a fin de prestar servicios más eficaces; estas estrategias serán intrínsecamente políticas.

Acknowledgements

We thank the participants, particularly the HIV-positive women, who shared their experiences. We also acknowledge Mateus Marisan, who collaborated on this research and the follow up workshop who passed away suddenly in May 2015.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1. The transmission of HIV from an HIV-positive mother to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery or breastfeeding is called vertical transmission, mother-to-child transmission or parent-to-child transmission (acknowledging men’s role in transmission and prevention). In the absence of any interventions, transmission rates range from 15–45%. This rate can be reduced to levels below 5% with effective interventions (World Health Organization Citation2015). We use the term prevention of mother-to-child transmission as it is commonly used in Indonesia.

2. Major international aid agencies and bilateral programmes working in Papua and West Papua include USAID, Australian Aid, The Clinton Foundation, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and multilateral agencies like the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations Children’s Fund.

3. In this analysis of HIV prevalence, indigenous was defined as both parents being indigenous, while non-indigenous was defined as neither parent being indigenous. Participants with mixed parentage were not included in the analysis.

4. All names in the paper are pseudonyms.

5. The NGO Médecins du Monde, which worked in the highlands of Papua province for a number of years, described their role as ‘politically sensitive’ and involving a ‘delicate balancing act’ that required ‘trust on the part of the State apparatus’ (Simonin, Bushee, and Courcaud Citation2011, S193).

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 263.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.