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Culture, Health & Sexuality
An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care
Volume 19, 2017 - Issue 8
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Articles

Christians’ cut: popular religion and the global health campaign for medical male circumcision in Swaziland

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Pages 844-858 | Received 14 Jul 2016, Accepted 28 Nov 2016, Published online: 11 Jan 2017
 

Abstract

Swaziland faces one of the worst HIV epidemics in the world and is a site for the current global health campaign in sub-Saharan Africa to medically circumcise the majority of the male population. Given that Swaziland is also majority Christian, how does the most popular religion influence acceptance, rejection or understandings of medical male circumcision? This article considers interpretive differences by Christians across the Kingdom’s three ecumenical organisations, showing how a diverse group people singly glossed as ‘Christian’ in most public health acceptability studies critically rejected the procedure in unity, but not uniformly. Participants saw medical male circumcision’s promotion and messaging as offensive and circumspect, and medical male circumcision as confounding gendered expectations and sexualised ideas of the body in Swazi Culture. Pentecostal-charismatic churches were seen as more likely to accept medical male circumcision, while traditionalist African Independent Churches rejected the operation. The procedure was widely understood to be a personal choice, in line with New Testament-inspired commitments to metaphorical circumcision as a way of receiving God’s grace.

Résumé

Le Swaziland est confronté à l’une des pires épidémies de VIH dans le monde et est l’un des pays visés par la campagne de santé publique mondiale en Afrique subsaharienne qui se donne pour objectif la circoncision médicalisée de la majorité des hommes dans le pays. Étant donné que la population du Swaziland est majoritairement chrétienne, comment la religion la plus influente impacte-t-elle l’acceptation, le rejet ou la compréhension de la circoncision masculine médicale ? Cet article prend en compte les différentes interprétations des chrétiens, selon qu’ils appartiennent à l’une ou l’autre des trois organisations œcuméniques du royaume, démontrant comment une population dont la diversité est singulièrement occultée, à travers son qualificatif de « chrétienne » par la plupart des recherches sur l’acceptabilité, rejetait sévèrement la procédure, dans l’unité mais pas dans l’uniformité. Les participants considéraient la promotion de la circoncision masculine médicale et les messages associés comme offensants et suspects, et la procédure elle-même comme un facteur d’aggravation des attentes liées au genre et des notions sexualisées du corps, dans la culture swazi. Les églises pentecôtistes et charismatiques étaient perçues comme les plus susceptibles d’accepter la circoncision masculine médicale, tandis que les églises africaines indépendantes traditionnalistes la rejetaient. La procédure était largement considérée comme résultant d’un choix personnel, en conformité avec les engagements, inspirés du Nouveau Testament, vis-à-vis de la circoncision métaphorique en tant que manière de recevoir la grâce de Dieu.

Resumen

El reino de Suazilandia enfrenta una de las peores epidemias de vih del mundo, por lo cual constituye uno de los lugares del África subsahariana en que se desarrolla una campaña de salud mundial destinada a circuncidar clínicamente a la mayor parte de la población masculina. Debido a que la mayoría de la población del país profesa la fe cristiana, el presente artículo indaga sobre la forma en que la fe mayoritaria incide en la aceptación, el rechazo o la comprensión de las implicaciones de la circuncisión clínica de los hombres. Asimismo, aborda las diferencias interpretativas planteadas por cristianos agrupados en las tres organizaciones ecuménicas del reino. Al respecto muestra que en gran parte de los estudios de aceptabilidad realizados en el sector de salud pública, un grupo de personas diversas, clasificadas como cristianas a nivel individual, rechaza críticamente tal intervención de forma unánime, aunque no de manera uniforme. Las personas consultadas opinan que la promoción y la publicidad en torno a la circuncisión son ofensivas y circunspectas; además, alegan que la circuncisión masculina trastoca las expectativas basadas en el género y las percepciones sexualizadas vinculadas al cuerpo humano existentes en la cultura suazi. Las iglesias pentecostales carismáticas son percibidas como más proclives a aceptar la circuncisión masculina, observándose que las Iglesias Independientes Africanas rechazan la operación. En términos generales, el procedimiento fue percibido como una opción personal, en sintonía con los compromisos inspirados en el Nuevo Testamento respecto a la circuncisión metafórica como una manera de recibir la gracia del Señor.

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the members of the different churches we interviewed, graduate research assistant Cebsile Mkhwanazi, three anonymous reviewers and for the feedback received from Hebron Ndlovu, Andrea Mariko Grant and Richard Werbner at the ‘Ecumenical Predicaments and Religious Pluralism in Southern Africa’ conference at the University of Botswana, March 8–11, 2015.

Notes

1. The range includes some children and teenagers accompanying parents to the focus group and the parents assenting to their children’s participation.

2. We capitalise Swazi Culture in the sense that it is locally conceptualized as a discrete set of signs and practices that point to formations of national, linguistic and cultural identity.

3. For example, in the Old Testment, Genesis 17:11 says: You are to undergo circumcision, and it will be the sign of the covenant between me and you.’ Others include Joshua 5:1–3 which reads: ‘… their hearts melted in fear and they no longer had the courage to face the Israelites. At that time the Lord said to Joshua, “Make flint knives and circumcise the Israelites again.” So Joshua made flint knives and circumcised the Israelites at Gibeath Haaraloth.’

4. Circumcision in the emerging Swazi polity derived from Ngwane cultural influence and served as an organizational mechanism to establish male age-grades or warrior regiments, emabutfo, until Mswati I stopped the practice in 1845 (Bonner Citation1983, 24, 41).

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