Women’s economic status and sexual negotiation: re-evaluation of the ‘normative precedent’ in Tanzania

Abstract

Women's ability to negotiate the conditions and circumstances of sexual relations is central to their sexual and reproductive health, including mitigating HIV risk. In Africa, gender-based power imbalances constrain women's sexual agency. Research has suggested that among couples in sub-Saharan African countries, such as Uganda and Nigeria, sexual decision making is defined by a ‘normative precedent’ in the form of a set of rules and practices conferring sexual authority on men. Using qualitative data among women in paid work and among men, this study explored interpersonal relations and sexual negotiation in Tanzania. Data were collected in two sites, Dar es Salaam and Mbeya. The normative precedent for sexual decision making was universally understood by men and women. Women did not perceive paid work as giving them greater bargaining power in the domain of sex. In Mbeya, a high-HIV area, some women perceived that refusing sex would encourage men to have additional sexual partners, thus increasing their susceptibility to HIV. Other women, however, believed that suspicions about men's behaviour combined with accurate HIV knowledge, provided leverage for women to refuse sex. In both sites, challenges to the normative precedent were evident, particularly among younger men. Both men and women expressed a preference for equality in sexual decision making.

Keywords:

• Tanzania
• sexual negotiation
• social norms
• normative precedent

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Lilian Mbwambo, Margareth Mrema, Prosper Njau and Samuel Likindikoki, who were based at the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences at the time of data collection, for their role in the field research, transcription and translation of the data. I would also like to thank Jessie Mbwambo at the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences for her support for this research study. Finally, I thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and feedback on the manuscript.

Declaration of conflict of interest

None to declare.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council and the UK Department for International Development Joint Fund for Poverty Alleviation under grant number: RES-167-25-0422. The views expressed are those of the author alone.