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Articles

The impact of migrant work in the elder care sector: recent trends and empirical evidence in Italy

L'impatto delle assistenti familiari straniere nel settore della cura agli anziani: tendenze recenti ed evidenze empiriche in Italia

Pages 9-27 | Published online: 06 May 2011
 

Abstract

Italy is characterized by a very high and increasing demand for elder care but, paradoxically, also by a surprisingly low level of public service provision in this sector. Due to current demographic, economic and socio-cultural trends, the potential availability of informal family care has been decreasing while, on the other hand, still strong familistic attitudes have so far limited the emergence of formal—both home and residential—care services. The ‘cash-for-care’ orientation of the Italian welfare system, with direct payments prevailing over in-kind services, has thus gradually developed into a care regime where monetary transfers to dependent (older) people are often used to privately employ migrant care workers. This phenomenon is analyzed in the context of two different studies (EUROFAMCARE and DIPO), in order to understand how migrant care work has been affecting both family care and professional care work in Italy. The main findings suggest that the widespread employment of migrant care workers—propelled by public care allowances—has certainly relieved many families from most burdensome care tasks, but at the same time partly ‘crowded out’ formal care services. Care quality issues remain. however, largely under-investigated, as do care drain effects in sending countries.

L'Italia è caratterizzata da una domanda di assistenza agli anziani molto elevata ed in ulteriore crescita, ma, paradossalmente, anche da un livello sorprendentemente basso di fornitura di servizi pubblici in questo settore. A causa dell'attuale situazione demografica, economica e socio-culturale, la potenziale disponibilità di assistenza familiare informale appare in calo mentre, d'altro canto, l'ancor forte attitudine ‘familistica’ ha finora limitato l'emergere di servizi di assistenza formali, sia domiciliari che residenziali. L'orientamento ‘cash-for-care’ del sistema di welfare italiano, che eroga pagamenti diretti piuttosto che servizi, ha così progressivamente trasformato il sistema di assistenza nel senso di un frequente impiego dei trasferimenti monetari agli anziani non autosufficienti per l'assunzione privata di assistenti familiari straniere. Questo fenomeno è stato analizzato sulla base di due diversi studi (EUROFAMCARE e DIPO), al fine di comprendere come il lavoro di cura prestato da queste figure in Italia influisca sia sull'assistenza familiare che su quella erogata dai servizi socio-sanitari. I principali risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che il largo impiego delle collaboratrici familiari straniere—incentivato da assegni di assistenza pubblici—ha certamente sollevato molte famiglie dai compiti di supporto più onerosi, ma, allo stesso tempo, anche finito con il sostituire parzialmente i servizi formali di cura. Restano tuttavia in gran parte da approfondire i problemi legati alla qualità dell'assistenza, così come gli effetti di ‘care drain’ sollevati da questo fenomeno nei paesi di origine.

Notes

1. This acronym will be used also to abbreviate the term ‘migrant care workers(s)’ throughout.

2. These terms will be used as synonyms in this article.

3. Currently, however, a campaign of over 200,000 controls is being carried out, in order to reduce abuses. First results show that circa 13% of granted allowances might be revoked due to the lack of disability requirements (INAIL, 2009).

4. For more details on the overall research project refer to the project's homepage: www.uke.uni-hamburg.de/eurofamcare. In-depth information on the survey's sampling and recruitment procedures are reported in Öberg et al. (2008).

5. Details of this study have been previously reported (only in Italian) in Lucchetti et al. (2007).

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