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ARTICLES

Transforming child welfare: from explicit to implicit control of families

Les métamorphoses de la protection de l'enfance: vers un contrôle implicite des familles

Pages 689-701 | Published online: 03 Jul 2014
 

Abstract

Through a historical review of child welfare laws and policies between 1896 and 1992 in Norway, this article investigates the state control of families. The central questions in this article relate to the transformations in the forms of state control of families. The research on which this article is based has relied on a genealogical approach. The sources are comprised of previous studies focusing on the historical development of child welfare in Norway. This article argues that state control, from having been explicit in the late nineteenth century, has today become increasingly implicit and hidden. Indeed, the value granted to children's rights and equality has made opposition to state interventions in families difficult. I relate the transformations in state control of families to the affirmation of the norms of ‘egalitarian individualism’. As Norway is amongst the first European countries to make child-centrism a hallmark of its social policies, these findings have implications for EU countries that may follow its path.

Cet article s'appuie sur un état de la littérature historique sur les lois et les politiques de protection de l'enfance en Norvège entre 1896 et 1992 pour proposer une analyse du contrôle des familles par l'Etat. Le questionnement porte plus spécifiquement sur les transformations des formes de ce contrôle des familles, étudié par le biais d'une approche généalogique. L'argument central de cette recherche est que les formes du contrôle étatique, qui étaient explicites à la fin du XIXème siècle, sont devenues de plus en plus implicites et invisibles au cours du XXème siècle. Cette transformation des formes de contrôle doit être comprise en relation avec la valeur accordée aux droits de l'enfant et à l'égalité, car ceux-ci entravent les tentatives de résistance aux interventions de l'Etat dans la famille. L'article relie les transformations du contrôle des familles par l'Etat à l'affirmation des normes de l'individualisme égalitaire. Etant donné que la Norvège est l'un des premiers pays Européens à avoir fait du puéro-centrisme la marque de fabrique de ses politiques sociales, ces résultats ont des implications pour les autres pays de l'Union Européenne qui sont susceptibles de suivre la même direction.

Acknowledgements

I wish to acknowledge the helpful comments I received from Professor Nicole Hennum and Professor Mike Seltzer.

Notes on contributors

Aurélie Picot is a former student of Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, where she studied social sciences and graduated in 2005. She also has a Master in Public Policy and Social Change from the University Pierre-Mendès France/Science Po Grenoble. She is currently working at Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences on her Ph.D. project about child protection work and policies in Norway and in France. Previously, she worked as a junior lecturer (professeur agrégé) at the University of Paris Descartes, where she taught courses on the history of social work.

Notes

1. In the rest of the article, I will use the English version from 1985.

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