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Articles

Education, ethnicity and gender. Educational biographies of ‘Roma and Sinti’ women in Germany

Bildungsbiographien von ‚Sinti-‘ und ‚Romafrauen‘ in Deutschland - Bildung, Ethnizität und Geschlecht

Pages 556-569 | Published online: 01 Feb 2016
 

Abstract

This article explores the experiences of ‘Sinti and Roma’ women in Germany with regard to their educational biographies. It draws on first results of an ongoing research project (in the context of a PhD) that brings into focus that ‘Sinti and Roma’ women in particular experience various levels of discrimination. The project tries to understand and to reconstruct how biographies of ‘Sinti and Roma’ women are shaped, taking formal and especially informal learning settings into consideration. The study will also offer some first ideas on how support for these women can be effectively organized and discrimination can be reduced. First results show that ‘Sinti and Roma’ women are facing not only specific forms of discrimination by the majority of society but are also dealing with expectations from their own families which are hard to fulfil. Nevertheless, women are often developing strategies to handle discrimination and stigmatization [Goffman, E. (1975). Stigma. Über Techniken der Bewältigung beschädigter Identität. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp] and find creative ways of combining their own vision of life with life scripts imposed on them. While there is empirical evidence of processes of social exclusion, especially in the field of education, the analysis also shows the women's manifold strategies of resistance and self-realization. Especially, self-organized groups of civic engagement offer encouraging and strengthening experiences.

Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht die Erfahrungen von ,Sinti- und Roma’ (Um herauszustellen, dass die Begriffe ,Roma‘ sowie ,Sinti und Roma‘ Sammelbegriffe für sehr unterschiedliche Lebenswirklichkeiten sind, markiere ich diese im Artikel durch einfache Anführungszeichen. Der Begriff ,Sinti‘ wird dabei für autochthone Minderheitsangehörige verwendet. Im Artikel werden die Begriffe ,gypsy‘ und ,Zigeuner‘ absichtlich nicht erwähnt, außer an Stellen, an denen andere Autorinnen und Autoren zitiert werden, was dann ebenfalls markiert wird.) Frauen in Deutschland hinsichtlich ihrer Bildungsbiographien. Dabei werden erste Ergebnisse eines laufenden Forschungsprojekts (im Rahmen einer Promotion) vorgestellt, die zeigen, dass Frauen Diskriminierung auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen erfahren. Das Forschungsvorhaben versucht zu verstehen und zu rekonstruieren, wie sich Biographien von ,Sinti oder Roma’ Frauen in Deutschland ausgestalten, und nimmt dabei formelle und insbesondere informelle Lernsettings in den Blick. Ziel der Studie ist, erste Ideen dahingehend zu formulieren, wie Unterstützungsangebote für Frauen aussehen sollten, damit sie Diskriminierung vermeiden und abbauen. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich ,Sinti und Roma’ Frauen einerseits mit spezifischen Formen von Diskriminierung durch die sogenannte Mehrheitsgesellschaft und andererseits mit familiären Erwartungen konfrontiert sehen. In diesem Spannungsfeld entwickeln Frauen Strategien, um mit Diskriminierung und Stigmatisierung [Goffman, E. (1975). Stigma. Über Techniken der Bewältigung beschädigter Identität. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp] umzugehen, und finden kreative Wege den eigenen Lebensentwurf mit vorgegebenen Lebensentwürfen zu verbinden. Während es empirische Nachweise für Prozesse der Ausgrenzung im (formalen) Bildungsbereich gibt, zeigt die Analyse auch die vielfältigen Widerstands- und Selbstverwirklichungsstrategien der Frauen, insbesondere Selbstorganisationen bieten dabei wichtige Anerkennungserfahrungen.

Acknowledgements

Author is grateful for comments made by the two anonymous reviewers and her PhD supervisors.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes on contributor

Julia Reimer is a qualified social worker and currently a PhD candidate at the department of education at the University of Bamberg. (The dissertation is supervised by: Prof. Dr Annette Scheunpflug, University of Bamberg, and Prof. Dr Gerhard Riemann, Technische Hochschule Nuremberg.) She is also a member of the cooperative PhD programme ‘Education as Landscape’ (www.bildungslandschafterforschen.de). Her research interest focuses on the intersections between gender and migration.

Notes

1. In order to emphasize the fact that ‘Roma’ as well as ‘Sinti and Roma’ are umbrella terms for varying living circumstances of people, I have decided to mark these expressions with inverted commas throughout the article. The term ‘Sinti’ is used for the part of the minority which has been residing in Germany for many centuries. I have deliberately chosen not to use the terms ‘gypsy’ and the German equivalent ‘Zigeuner’ in this article except when quoting someone else.

2. Levinson (Citation2013) shows that reports on ‘Roma’ and ‘travellers’ in the UK tend to produce images of ‘Roma’ students with a negative connotation, for example, being unwilling and incapable students.

3. On the phenomena of ‘essentialising' cf. (Sayer, Citation1997).

4. The stereotype of an oppressive ‘Romani culture’ has been challenged by (Acton, Caffrey, Dunn, & Vinson Citation1997).

5. All interviews were conducted in German, extracts were translated for the purpose of this article.

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported through a scholarship of the Hans-Böckler-Foundation.

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