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Articles

The street-level delivery of activation policies: constraints and possibilities for a practice of citizenship

Alltagspraxis im Kontext aktivierender Politik: Einschränkungen und Möglichkeiten für eine Praxis der Ausübung sozialer Rechte

Pages 420-440 | Published online: 16 Feb 2016
 

Abstract

The debate on activation policies and challenges to social citizenship has to go beyond the level of formal policy and take into account also its operational and street-level dimension, which shapes what eventually arrives as policy on the ground. In this context, frontline practice plays a crucial role since it constitutes the very moment when activation policies encounter their target groups and real-world solutions have to be found. This article outlines a conceptual framework to approach frontline work within the context of activation and presents the main findings of a research project aimed at exploring the challenges, interpretations and reactions of frontline practitioners in Public Employment Services in the cities of Vienna (Austria) and Milan (Italy). The findings contribute to the debate on the constraints and possibilities for a practice of citizenship in a practice field whose challenges are often neglected both by social policy and social work research although it has become a central arena for welfare state intervention in which social citizenship, eventually, becomes manifest. Particular attention is paid to different framings of practice and to the questions whether and to what extent professionalising ‘activation work’ could counteract the precarious and highly individualised role of frontline practitioners in this ambiguous public domain.

Die Debatte um aktivierende Politik und soziale (BürgerInnen-)Rechte muss über formale Politikentwürfe hinaus auch deren operative Seite und Praxisdimension in den Blick nehmen, durch welche Aktivierung schlussendlich konkretisiert und ausgestaltet wird. In diesem Zusammenhang spielt Alltagspraxis insofern eine zentrale Rolle, als dort aktivierende Maßnahmen auf ihre Zielgruppen treffen und reale Lösungen für individuelle Situationen gefunden werden müssen. Der folgende Beitrag beschäftigt sich zunächst mit Ansätzen zur theoretischen Erfassung von Aktivierungspraxis und diskutiert dann die zentralen Befunde einer explorativ angelegten Vergleichsstudie in den Diensten der Arbeitsverwaltungen in den Städten Wien und Mailand. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse können zur Debatte um Möglichkeiten und Einschränkungen der Ausübung sozialer Rechte in einem Praxisfeld beitragen, welches sowohl in der Sozialpolitik- als auch in der Sozialarbeitsforschung oft noch vernachlässigt wird. Dabei stellt die Praxis im Kontext aktivierender Arbeitsmarktpolitik einen zentralen Schauplatz wohlfahrtsstaatlicher Intervention dar, in dem sich der Status sozialer Rechte manifestiert. Besondere Beachtung erfahren in diesem Zusammenhang die unterschiedlichen Rahmungen von Aktivierungspraxis sowie die Frage, inwieweit die Professionalisierung von „Aktivierungsarbeit“ der prekären und stark von individuellen Interpretationen abhängigen Rolle der PraktikerInnen in diesem Kontext entgegenwirken könnte.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes on contributor

Urban Nothdurfter holds a Ph.D. in Social Work from the University of Trento and is currently appointed as postdoctoral fellow and lecturer in Social Work at the Free University of Bozen/Bolzano. His research interests focus on the relationship between social policy development and professional practice with a particular focus on the street-level delivery of activation policies. He also works on social work history and LGBTQI issues in social work practice and education.

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