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Abstract
Foreigners in Germany differ from immigrants in Canada in the patterns, more than the overall extent, of employment disadvantage. Conventional earnings decomposition analysis is extended cross‐nationally to highlight differences in ethnic disadvantages within labour markets, and also differences in effects of the structure of educational and labour market institutions themselves, using the German Socio‐Econ‐omic Panel (GSOEP) first wave for 1984, and the 1986 Canadian Census. German education and labour market institutions benefit low‐skill migrants, but generate less earnings assimilation. Such assimilation in Canada is greater but varies more by ethnic and racial origins. Migrant women in Germany receive a boost from the lower educational levels of mainstream German women, and from greater German labour market equity. These cross‐national differences support some of the expectations based on characterisations of ‘immigrant societies’, or differences in national policies of citizenship, equity or culture, but depart from others.