Social motivation in individuals with isolated cleft lip and palate

Abstract

Social isolation is common among individuals with isolated cleft lip and palate (ICLP), but the available data on why this may be are mixed. We present a novel theory relating to reduced social motivation in ICLP, called the social abulia hypothesis. Based on this hypothesis, we predicted that reduced social motivation would lead to reduced responsiveness to negative social feedback, in terms of both explicit responses and noncontrolled, psychophysiological responses. Twenty males with ICLP and 20 normal comparison males between 13 and 25 years old participated in the study. Social motivation was examined by measuring participants' response to negative social feedback (social exclusion). Additionally, psychophysiological reactivity to positive and negative social stimuli was measured. In order to rule out other potential contributors to social isolation, we tested basic social perception, emotion recognition, and social anxiety. In line with the social abulia hypothesis, we show that negative social feedback had less of an effect on males with ICLP than on healthy male peers, which was evident in explicit responses and noncontrolled, psychophysiological responses to negative social feedback. Our results could not be attributed to problems in social perception, a lack of understanding facial expressions, or increased social anxiety, as groups did not differ on these constructs. This study suggests that current views on social isolation in ICLP may need to be reconsidered to include the possibility that isolation in this population may be the direct result of reduced social motivation.

Keywords:

• Isolated cleft lip and palate
• Social isolation
• Social motivation
• Social exclusion
• Social feedback

Notes

The authors declare no actual, potential, or perceived conflict of interest with respect to this study.

We thank Sonia Slevinski for her help in recruiting the participants for this study. This study was funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. The results of this study were previously presented at the University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics as part of the first author's dissertation defense.