A tale of two stories: Validity of an alternative story memory test in a sample of older adults

Abstract

Objective: Many patients require repeat neuropsychological evaluations to determine change over time. Repeat evaluations lead to practice effects, which can impact the validity of the assessment. The current study assessed, in older adults, the validity of an alternative set of verbal memory stories created by Newcomer and colleagues.

Method: A total 154 of non-demented adults, ages 60–92, completed the WMS-III logical memory (LM) stories and two Newcomer stories (Carson–Jones) as part of a larger battery of neurocognitive tests. The Carson–Jones stories were scored for: (1) verbatim (traditional) and (2) thematic (developed for this study) accuracy. Story memory variables were compared to each other and additional neurocognitive measures using bivariate correlations. A subset of participants (n = 133) completed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and various structural regions (e.g. thickness and volume of medial temporal lobe structures) were used to assess external validity of Carson–Jones stories with hierarchical multiple regression analyses.

Results: There was a strong positive correlation between WMS-III LM and Carson–Jones stories for both verbatim and thematic scoring. Both scoring types showed convergent validity with other verbal memory measures (e.g. WMS-III LM and HVLT-R Delay/Learning) and divergent validity with Stroop Word Reading and JOLO. Regarding neuroimaging correlates, Carson–Jones verbatim scoring was significantly associated with left subiculum and left whole hippocampal volume whereas thematic scoring was significantly associated only with left subiculum.

Conclusions: Newcomer stories appear to be a valid alternative to WMS-III LM stories in terms of assessing verbal memory in healthy older adults.

Keywords:

• Memory
• older adults
• mental status and dementia tests
• hippocampus
• validation

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Funding

This work was funded by Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Research Foundation, National Institutes of Health, National Parkinson Foundation; National Institutes of Health T32 Training Grant, Santa Fe Avmed & The Village Retirement Community, and Ed & Ethel Moore Alzheimer’s Program.