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Notes
Hereafter referred to simply as China.
Zhang Zhihe, Director of the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, 2006 Giant Panda Calendar.
In the year 2000 Conservation International designated 25 Global Biodiversity Hotspots, where the diversity of ecosystems, plants and animals is especially rich. The Mountains of Southwest China Biodiversity Hotspot covers Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan and includes the world's most biologically diverse temperate forest ecosystem. http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot: Ecosystem Profile 1,6 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
WWF China. History of WWF's support of panda conservation in China. http://www.wwfchina.org/english/pandacentral/htm
National Library of Medicine. Population of Sichuan Province. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
The Great Western Development Policy (2000) is a Chinese government initiative to enable western provinces to catch up with economic development on the Eastern seaboard. http://www.gsinvest.com.cn/2003/
CEPF, supra note 5, at 11.
Personal communication. Zhang Liming, director of Wolong National Reserve administration (6 January 2006).
At August 2005 there are over 40 giant panda reserves in China. http://www.wwfchina.org
WWF China, supra note 11, at 3–4.
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is attributed to human consumption of the meat of civet cats on sale in Chinese Wildlife markets in 2003. Department of Human Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars
Lawrence Glacy, China's Conservation Scheme: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? M.A. Thesis, Sonoma State University (2004), see also 5 China Environmental Series 69–73 (2002).
Geoffrey Murray & Ian G. Cook, The Greening of China 136–142 (2004).
Id. at 137.
Id. at 140.
Id. at 5.
Id. at 6.
Id. at 145.
Geoffrey Murray & Ian G. Cook, The Greening Of China 23 (2004).
Id. at 25–28.
Id. at 30.
Id. at 32.
Id. at 34.
6 Id. at 31.
Id. at 10.
Id. at 12.
Geoffrey Murray & Ian G. Cook, The Greening of China 127 (2004).
Id. at 12.
Id. at 15.
China Establishes over 1,700 Protected Areas, China Radio International, 9 September 2003.
Murray & Cook, supra note 29, at 147.
Conservation International, Chengdu. Personal comment Li Shengzhi July 7, 2005.
Murray & Cook, supra note 33, at 127 (2004).
Id. at 137.
Geoffrey Murray & Ian G. Cook, The Greening of China 22 (2004).
Tougher Wildlife Protection Law Underway, China Daily, 7 June 2004.
Id. “Currently in China “first-grade” animals are protected by the State and “second-grade” animals by the province or county. A single management system for nature reserves (as proposed by IUCN categorization) would coordinate relevant government departments” Zhang Dehui, Vice Director of the Division of Wildlife Management, under the Department of Fauna and Flora Conservation, in the State Forestry Administration.
Id.
Panda Primer: The Facts in Black and White. A December 2001Report from U.S. Embassy Beijing. http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/ptr/PandaPrimer.htm. At 2.
Id. at 2.
The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China, (Article 9) pledges to protect rare animals and plants and bans any organization from destroying or trading in them.
Geoffrey Murray & Ian G. Cook, The Greening of China 12 (2004).
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.), 10 (2002).
Id. at 14–16.
Id. at 20.
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot. Ecosystem Profile. 1,9 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
WWF China. History of the panda- Timeline. http://www.wwfchina.org/english/pandacentral/htm
GLACY, supra note 45, at 26.
Id. at 26.
Liu Jianguo & Sue Nichols, Where China Goes, the Rest Follow in the Global Neighbourhood, http://www.greengrants.org.cn
Convention on Biological Diversity, Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity/Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. http://www.biodiv.org/world/parties.asp
WWF China. http://www.wwfchina.org
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot: Ecosystem Profile 1,20 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
China's State Forestry Administration announces it will use the CCB Standards. http://www.climate-standards.org/news/news-May2005-China.html
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.), 11 (2002).
Panda Primer: The Facts in Black and White. A December 2001Report from U.S. Embassy Beijing. Available at http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/ptr/PandaPrimer.htm. at 2.
The Chinese Wildlife Conservation Association (CWCA) (1983) is a semi-official organization affiliated with the State Forestry Administration and the China Association of Science and Technology.
Law Helps Raise Awareness of Wildlife Protection, Beijing Weekend, 12 November 2004.
Geoffrey Murray & Ian G. Cook, The Greening of China 33 (2004).
The Grain to Green (G2G) policy and National Natural Forest Protection Programme are valid 2000-2010 and are both administered by the State Forestry Administration.
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot:Ecosystem Profile 1,16 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
Murray & Cook, supra note 62, at 129.
CEPF, supra note 64, at 13.
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Minshan Initiative Progress report (2004).
Conservation International China Program. http://www.conservation.org
Id.
CI China, supra note 68.
Liu Jianguo & Sue Nichols, Where China Goes, the Rest Follow in the Global Neighbourhood, http://www.greengrants.org.cn
CEPF is a joint initiative of CI, GEF, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank.
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China. http://www.cepf.net/xp/cepf/where-we-work/southwest-china/southwest
11th Five-Year Plan 2006-2010.
CEPF, supra note 73.
Id. at 16.
Judith Shapiro, Mao's War Against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China 206 (2001).
Id. at 207.
Agenda 21—White Paper on China's Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century was compiled in the wake of the United National Conference on Environment and Development in 1992.
Program of Action for Sustainable Development in China in the Early 21st Century, Xinhua News Agency, 26 July 2003.
Conservation International. China Program. http://www.conservation.org
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot. Ecosystem Profile. 1, 16 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
Xinhua News Agency, supra note 80.
Id.
China Moves to Save Endangered Wildlife, China Daily , 4 October 2004.
Id.
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.), 29 (2002).
Geoffrey Murray & Ian G. Cook, The Greening of China 126 (2004).
Id. at 128.
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Biodiversity Hotspot: Ecosystem Profile 1,9 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
Murray & Cook, supra note 88, at 129.
Conservation International. China Program. http://www.conservation.org
CEPF. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. http://www.cepf.net
Id.
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.) 27 (2002).
Id. at 28.
Id. at 30.
Id. at 32.
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Biodiversity Hotspot: Ecosystem Profile 1,13 (2002). http://www.cepf.net See the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas guidelines. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/categories/eng/c2.pdf
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.) 67 (2002).
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot: Ecosystem Profile 1, 20 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
China Establishes over 1,700 Protected Areas. China Radio International, 9 September 2003.
“Wolong Giant Panda Breeding Centre.” http://www.giantpandabear.com/DHTML/wolong.html
WWF China. History of the panda—Timeline. http://www.wwfchina.org
WWF China. New Survey Reveals Nearly 1,600 Giant Pandas in the Wild. http://www.wwfchina.org
Geoffrey Murray & Ian G. Cook, The Greening of China 126 (2004).
CEPF, supra note 101.
WWF China. Panda Conservation in the Minshan Region. http://www.wwfchina.org
WWF China. Panda Conservation in the Minshan Region. http://www.wwfchina.org
Id.
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot: Ecosystem Profile 1, 20 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
WWF China. Qinling Panda Focal Report. http://www.wwfchina.org/english/pandacentral/htm
Id.
Id.
Personal communication. Zhang Liming, director of Wolong National Reserve Administration (6 January 2006).
WWF China, supra note 112.
WWF China. Panda Facts at a Glance. http://www.wwfchina.org
WWF China. History of WWF's Support of Panda conservation in China. http://www.wwfchina.org
Zhang Liming (2005). Wolong National Nature Reserve. Participatory Management. Sichuan Forestry and Tourism Centre. Wolong Management Office. CD-rom.
Id.
Personal communication. Zhang Liming, director of Wolong National Reserve Administration (6 January 2006).
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.), 39 (2002).
Zhang Liming, supra note 121.
Mark Magnier, Taiwan Agonizes over Embracing a Gift from China of Its Most Precious Weapon. Los Angeles Times, 26 March 2006. China's State Forestry Administration offered a breeding pair of pandas to Taipei City Zoo on 6 January 2006. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/03/26/MNG
D'Vera Cohn, Zoos Fnd Pandas Don't Make the Cash to Cover Their Keep, Washington Post, 7 August 2005. Some American zoos may want to renegotiate their loan agreements. http://www.washintonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/06/AR
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.) 40 (2002).
Id. at 41.
Zhang Liming (2005). Wolong National Nature Reserve. Participatory Management. Sichuan Forestry and Tourism Centre. Wolong Management Office. CD-rom.
Id.
Personal communication. Zhang Liming, director of Wolong National Reserve Administration (6 January 2006).
GLACY, supra note 127, at 41.
1st Captive-Bred Giant Panda Released into Wild. News & Info. China.com. (27 April 2006). http://english.china.com/zh_cn/news/society/
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.) 28 (2002).
Id. at 42.
Id. at 56.
Id. at 58.
Id. at 61.
Id. at 62.
Id. at 64.
Id. at 65.
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.) 66 (2002).
Id. at 67.
Panda Conservation Brings Lucy Spelman Back To China. Giant Pandas at the Smithsonian National Zoo. http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/Online Features/Spelman China.
Personal communication. Zhang Liming, director of Wolong National Reserve Administration (6 January 2006).
Geoffrey Murray & Ian G. Cook, The Greening of China 13 (2004).
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.), 52 (2002).
Tougher Wildlife Protection Law Under Way, CHINA DAILY, 7 June 2004.
Glacy, supra note 147, at 52.
WWF China. Panda Conservation in the Minshan Region. http://www.wwfchina.org
Id.
Id.
WWF China. Panda Conservation in the Minshan Region. http://www.wwfchina.org
WWF China. The Minshan Initiative: Securing the Future for Pandas, Forests and People, at 11.
WWF China. What Needs to Be Done: Participatory Conservation Approaches. http://www.wwfchina.org
Launched in 1999 and implemented since 2003.
WWF China. Panda Conservation Strategic Action. http://www.wwfchina.org
Id.
WWF China. Minshan Initiative Progress Report (2004).
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot: Ecosystem Profile 1, 20 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
Conservation International. China Program. http://www.conservation.org
Id.
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot: Ecosystem Profile 1, 20 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
Id. at 20.
Judith Shapiro, Mao's War Against Nature, Politics and The Environment in Revolutionary China, 211 (2001).
CEPF, supra note 163, at 20.
Id. at 21.
Id. at 20.
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Hotspot: Ecosystem Profile 21 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
Judith Shapiro, Mao's War Against Nature, Politics and The Environment in Revolutionary China, 208 (2001).
Id. at 211.
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.), 53 (2002).
Id. at 54.
Id. at 54.
Id. at 55.
SHAPIRO, supra note 170, at 211.
WCS Wildlife Conservation Society. China Environmental Education Program. http://www.wcschina.net/china-home/china-education
WWF China. Panda Conservation in the Minshan Region. http://www.wwfchina.org
CEPF News. In Focus. Marketing Social Change. November 2004. http://www.cepf.net/xp/cepf/news/in_focus/2004/november_feature.xml
CEPF News. In Focus, Resource Centre Students Get Off to a Strong Start for Conservation Education. August 2003. http://www.cepf.net/
CEPF. Pride Campaign: Mountains of Southwest China. http://www.cepf.net/xp/cepf
CEPF News. In Focus. Marketing Social Change. November, 2004. http://www.cepf.net/
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Biodiversity Hotspot. Ecosystem Profile 1, 20 (2002) http://www.cepf.net
Conservation International. China Program. http://www.conservation.org
Mark Elvin, The Retreat of The Elephants: An Environmental History of China 470–471 (2004).
WWF China. Panda Conservation in the Minshan Region. http://www.wwfchina.org
Hua Dong, Project to Benefit Environment, Tourism. CHINA DAILY: Special Supplement, 19–20 November 2005, at S3.
Greenglobe Newsletter. No.20. November 2004. http://www.greenglobe21.com
Greenglobe 21 is the worldwide benchmarking and certification programme that facilitates sustainable travel and tourism. It is based on Agenda 21 principles for sustainable tourism endorsed at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 and incorporates the World Tourism Organization Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. http://www.greenglobe21.com
Greenglobe Newsletter, No. 24. March 2005.
Id. at No. 20. November 2004.
Id. at No. 29. August 2005.
Id. at No. 33, December 2005.
Claire Doole WWF International office, Going Beyond the Great Wall: Ecotourism in China (2005). [email protected]
Id.
Lian Yuluan, A Case Study on the Effects of Tourism on the Baima Community—Development of Tours in Ecologically and Culturally Sensitive Zones, 3 Tourism Tribune 20 (3) 13 (2005).
Id.
Id.
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.) 47 (2002).
Id. at 48.
WWF China. The Minshan Initiative: Securing The Future for People, Forests and Pandas.
GLACY, supra note 199 at 49.
Lian Yuluan. Personal e-mail. [email protected]. (accessed on October 6, 2005).
Conservation International. China Program. http://www.conservation.org
Personal communication. Zhang Liming, director of Wolong National Reserve Administration (6 January 2006).
CEPF, Mountains of Southwest China Biodiversity Hotspot: Ecosystem Profile 1, 12 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
Geoffrey Murray & Ian G. Cook, The Greening of China, 15 (2004).
Id. at 129.
WWF China. Panda Conservation in the Minshan Region. http://www.wwfchina.org
Personal communication. Cynthia Song CPDF. 26 July 2005.
Carrefour is a French international supermarket chain with several stores in Chengdu.
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.) 45 (2002).
WWF China. Panda Conservation in the Minshan Region. http://www.wwfchina.org
Id.
Judith Shapiro, Mao's War Against Nature: Politics and The Environment in Revolutionary China 206 (2001).
Lawrence Glacy, China's Nature Reserves: Protecting Species or Generating Profits? (unpub.) 46 (2002).
CEPF, The Mountains of Southwest China Biodiversity Hotspot. Ecosystem Profile 1,19 (2002). http://www.cepf.net
Id. at 19.
Id. at 19.