Diversity and Complexity in the Forms and Functions of Protected Areas in China

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Notes

F. L. He, Price of Prosperity: Economic Development and Biological Conservation in China, 46 J. Applied Ecology 511–515 (2009).

G. Y. Wang et al., National Park Development in China: Conservation or Commercialization? 41 Ambio 247–261 (2012).

J. L. Xu et al., A Review and Assessment of Nature Reserve Policy in China: Advances, Challenges and Opportunities, 46 Oryx 554–562 (2012).Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/uwlp.

R. E. Grumbine & J. C. Xu, Creating a ‘Conservation with Chinese Characteristics,’ 144 Biological Conservation 1347–1355 (2011).

Xu et al., (2012), supra note 3.

Id.

He (2009), supra note 1.

R. L. Edmonds, Patterns of China's lost harmony: a survey of the country's environmental degradation & protection (1994).

J. C. Xu & D. R. Melick, Rethinking the Effectiveness of Public Protected Areas in Southwestern China. 21 Conservation Biology 318–328 (2006).

Y. Xie, S. Wang, & P. Schei, China's Protected Areas (2004) (in Chinese).

Programme team of Strategic Research of Chinese Sustainable Forestry Development. Strategic Research of Chinese Sustainable Forestry Development. Chinese Forestry Publishing House, Beijing (2002).

Their proposal surfaced as the 93rd proposal made to the 3rd meeting of the First Session of the National People's Congress.

Xu et al. (2012), supra note 3.

Id.

China, Ministry of Environmental Protection, 2012 Yearbook of China's Environment Status (2013), online at http://jcs.mep.gov.cn/hjzl/zkgb/?COLLCC = 926475618& [accessed in Chinese 23 July 2013].

Wang et al. (2012), supra note 2.

  Information is up to date as of the end of 2012.

Xu et al, (2012), supra note 3.

D. Y. Xue & M. K. Jiang, A Study of Classifying Standards for Nature Reserves in China, 14 China Envtl. Sci. 246–251 (1994).

Wang et al. (2012), supra note 2; Xu et al. (2012), supra note 3; Xu & Melick (2006), supra note 9.

The Regulations for Nature Reserves issued by the State Council in 1994 are available online, but only in Chinese, at http://www.gov.cn/ziliao/flfg/2005–09/27/content_70636.htm [accessed in 24 July 2013].

The Regulations for Scenic Interest Areas issued by the State Council in 2006 are available online, but only in Chinese, at http://www.china.com.cn/environment/txt/2006–09/30/content_7207935.htm [accessed in 24 July 2013]. See also Management Guidance for National Forest Parks, issued by the State Forestry Administration in 2011 and available online but only in Chinese at http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2011–08/02/content_1918095.htm [accessed in 24 July 2013].

Y. J. Huang et al., Visitors’ Attitudes Towards China's National Forest Park Policy, Roles and Functions, and Appropriate Use, 16 J. Sustainable Tourism 63–84 (2008).

Many laws and regulations in relation to natural resources conservation exist in China, such as Forest Law issued by NPC in 1984 and amended in 1998, Grassland Law issued by NPC in 1985 and amended in 2003, Law on the Protection of Wildlife issued by NPC in 1988 and amended in 2004, Environmental Protection Law issued by NPC in 1989.

SEPA, China's National Report on Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. China Environmental Science Press, Beijing (1998).

SEPA (1998), supra note 31.

China, Ministry of Environmental Protection, China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011).

See also (in Chinese) http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bwj/201009/t20100921_194841.htm.

See http://www.conservation.org/where/priority_areas/hotspots/asia-pacific/Mountains-of-Southwest-China/Pages/default.aspx [accessed 22 January 2014].

China, State Forestry Administration, The Plan for Forestry Nature Reserve Development in China (2006–2030), (2006).

Ministry of Environmental Protection (2013), supra note 15; State Forestry Administration (2006), supra note 36.

Xu et al. (2012), supra note 3; Xu & Melick (2006), supra note 9; Xie, Wang, & Schei (2004), supra note 10; Grumbine & Xu (2011), supra note 4; J. Quan et al., Assessment of the Effectiveness of Nature Reserve Management in China, 20 Biodiversity Conservation 779–792 (2011).

State Forestry Administration (2006), supra note 36.

Wang et al. (2012), supra note 2.

Id.

J. Liu et al., Protecting China's Biodiversity, 300 Science 1240–1241(2003).

China, State Council, Regulation of Nature Reserves (1994), available online in Chinese at http://www.gov.cn/ ziliao/flfg/2005–09/27/content_70636.htm [accessed 24 July 2013].

China, State Council, Regulation of Scenic Interest Areas (2006), available online in Chinese at http://www.china.com.cn/environment/txt/2006–09/30/content_7207935.htm [accessed 24 July 2013].

Xu et al. (2012), supra note 3.

This is reflected in the report given to the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Nov. 8, 2012, available online in Chinese at http://news.china.com/18da/news/11127551/20121118/17535254.html [accessed 24 July 2013].

The Decision on Major IssuesConcerningComprehensively Deepening Reforms was adopted at the close of the Third Plenary Session of the 18thCPCCentralCommittee in 2013, available online in Chinese at http://www.sc.xinhuanet.com/content/2013–11/15/c_118164288.htm [accessed 24 July 2013].

Xie, Wang, & Schei (2004), supra note 10.

M. Hockings, S. Stolton, & N. Dudley, Evaluating Effectiveness: A Framework for Assessing the Management of Protected Areas, Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 6 (World Commission on Protected Areas, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 2000).

Liu et al. (2003), supra note 42; W H. Xu et al., Evaluating the Conservation Effectiveness of Nature Reserves Established for Surrogate Species: The Case of a Giant Panda Nature Reserve in the Qinling Mountains, China, 24 Chin. Geog. Sci. 60–70 (2014).

N. Dudley, M. Hockings, & S. Stolton, Options for Guaranteeing the Effective Management of the World's Protected Areas, 6 J. Envtl. Pol’y Plan. 131–142 (2004); M. Hockings, S. Stolton, & N. Dudley, Management Effectiveness: Assessing Management of Protected Areas? 6 J. Envtl. Pol’y Plan. 157–174 (2004).

M. Hockings et al., Evaluating Effectiveness: A Framework for Assessing the Management of Protected Areas, 2nd ed., Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 14 (World Commission on Protected Areas, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 2006).